GENETICS

This bingo card has a free space and 60 words: A carrier is a person who can pass an inherited (genetic) disease on to their children but who does not have the disease., allele, One of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects., apoptosis, A genetically controlled program of cell death, activated as part of normal development or as a result of cell damage., broad-sense heritability, () The contribution of the genotypic variance responsible for the phenotypic variation of a trait observed in a population., centromere, The specialized heterochromatic chromosomal region at which sister chromatids remain attached after replication, and the site to which spindle fibers attach to the chromosome during cell division. The location of the centromere determines the sh, chi-square analysis, A statistical test to determine whether or not an observed set of data is equivalent to a theoretical expectation., chromatin, The complex of DNA, RNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins that make up uncoiled chromosomes, characteristic of the eukaryotic interphase nucleus., chromosome, In bacteria, a DNA molecule containing the organism’s genome; in eukaryotes, a DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence; a structure that is visible d, codon, A triplet of messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or a start or stop signal in the genetic code. Sixty-one codons specify the amino acids used in proteins, and three codons, called stop codons (UAG, UAA, UGA), s, deletion, A chromosomal mutation, also referred to as a deficiency, involving the loss of chromosomal material., dihybrid cross, A genetic cross involving two characters in which the parents possess different forms of each character (e.g., yellow, wrinkled peas)., diploid, The condition when cells contain homologous pairs of each chromosome, one derived from the paternal parent and one from the maternal parent., directional selection, A selective force that changes the frequency of an allele in a given direction, either toward fixation or toward elimination., disjunction, The separation of chromosomes during the anaphase stage of cell division., DNA gyrase, One of a class of enzymes known as topoisomerases that converts closed circular DNA to a negatively supercoiled form prior to replication, transcription, or recombination. The enzyme acts during DNA replication to reduce molecular tension caused, DNA helicase, An enzyme that participates in DNA replication by unwinding the double helix near the replication fork., duplication, A chromosomal aberration in which a segment of the chromosome is repeated., electrophoresis, epigenetics, The study of the effects of reversible chemical modifications to DNA and/or histones on the pattern of gene expression. Epigenetic modifications do not alter the nucleotide sequence of DNA., epigenome, epistasis, The nonreciprocal interaction between nonallelic genes such that one gene influences or interferes with the expression of another gene, leading to a specific phenotype., eukaryotes, Organisms having true nuclei and membranous organelles and whose cells divide by mitosis and meiosis., frameshift mutation, A mutational event leading to the insertion or deletion (indels) of a number of base pairs in a gene that is not a multiple of three. This shifts the codon reading frame in all codons that follow the mutational site., genetic drift, Random variation in allele frequency from generation to generation, most often observed in small populations.\, haploid number, (n) The number of homologous chromosome pairs characteristic of an organism or species., heritability, For a given trait, a measure of the proportion of total phenotypic variation in a population that is due to genetic factors., interference, (I) A measure of the degree to which one crossover affects the incidence of another crossover in an adjacent region of the same chromatid. Negative interference increases the chance of another crossover; positive interference reduces the probabi, mitosis, A form of cell division producing two progeny cells identical genetically to the parental cell—that is, the production of two cells from one, each having the same chromosome complement as the parent cell., model organisms, mRNA, See messenger RNA, nonsense mutation, A mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino acid into a termination codon, leading to premature termination during translation of mRNA., null hypothesis and () Used in statistical tests, the hypothesis that there is no real difference between the observed and expected datasets. Statistical methods such as chi-square analysis are used to test the probability associated with this hypothesis..

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GENETUC | GENETICS | Genetics Exam Review | DNA Structure and Function | Chapters 11-14