Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
(Print)
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization.
Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Explain why the transition state is high energy.
Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate.
Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum.
If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential.
Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell.
Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH?
Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell.
Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
A cell contains many mitochondria—predict its energy demands and role.
If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins.
Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function.
Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG.
Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions.
Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally.
Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins.
Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins.
Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes?
Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
