Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
(Print)
Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function.
Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum.
A cell contains many mitochondria—predict its energy demands and role.
Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins.
Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally.
Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins.
Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG.
Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate.
Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential.
Explain why the transition state is high energy.
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization.
Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell.
Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes?
Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH?
If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins.
Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell.
Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions.
Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
