Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
(Print)
Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins.
Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes?
A cell contains many mitochondria—predict its energy demands and role.
Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization.
Explain why the transition state is high energy.
Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell.
Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG.
Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally.
Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins.
If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential.
Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate.
Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH?
Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions.
Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell.
Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum.
If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins.
Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function.
Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
