Exam 2 Review - Call List

(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.

1. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions.
   ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions.
2. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally.
   Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support.
3. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
   Enzymes lower activation energy only.
4. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
   Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient.
5. Explain why the transition state is high energy.
   Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state.
6. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential.
   Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur.
7. Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
   Cell shrinks (crenation).
8. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins.
   Channels form pores; carriers change shape.
9. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell.
   No; lacks chloroplasts.
10. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function.
    Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common.
11. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins.
    Proteins not modified or properly sorted.
12. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes?
    Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core.
13. Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate.
    Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups).
14. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell.
    Autodigestion of cell.
15. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
    Facilitated requires protein; simple does not.
16. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins.
    Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion.
17. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
    Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted.
18. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization.
    Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized.
19. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
    Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward.
20. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
    Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release.
21. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH?
    Alters R-group charges; disrupts active site.
22. A cell contains many mitochondria—predict its energy demands and role.
    High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell).
23. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG.
    Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier.
24. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum.
    Denaturation; loss of function.