Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement. Shape and chemical compatibility (R groups). Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate. Cell shrinks (crenation). Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution. Diffusion = solute movement; Osmosis = water movement; Facilitated = protein-assisted. Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Adds closely packed negative charges → instability → energy release. Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change Charged particles cannot cross hydrophobic core. Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes? High ATP demand (muscle or active transport cell). A cell contains many mitochondria— predict its energy demands and role. Microtubules = transport/spindle; Actin = movement; Intermediate = structural support. Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally. Membrane potential collapses; swelling may occur. If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential. Prokaryotes lack nucleus/organelles; eukaryotes compartmentalized. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization. Enzymes lower activation energy only. Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction. Facilitated requires protein; simple does not. Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion. Hydrophobic effect drives tails inward, heads outward. Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water. Alters R- group charges; disrupts active site. Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH? Proteins not modified or properly sorted. If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins. No; lacks chloroplasts. Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell. Bonds strained; unstable intermediate state. Explain why the transition state is high energy. Denaturation; loss of function. Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum. Cell recognition, signaling, adhesion. Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins. Plants: wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; Animals: no wall, lysosomes common. Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function. Reaction is exergonic but requires enzyme to overcome activation barrier. Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG. ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions. Autodigestion of cell. Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell. Channels form pores; carriers change shape. Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins. Passive = no ATP, down gradient; Active = ATP, against gradient. Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
(Print)
Explain why the active site is specific to its substrate.
Predict what happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution.
Compare diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Explain why phosphorylation causes a large free energy change
Why do ions require transport proteins to cross membranes?
A cell contains many mitochondria—predict its energy demands and role.
Compare microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments structurally and functionally.
If the Na⁺/K⁺ pump stops, predict effects on membrane potential.
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization.
Explain why enzymes do not change ΔG of a reaction.
Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion.
Explain why the phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously in water.
Why does enzyme activity decrease at extreme pH?
If the Golgi apparatus is nonfunctional, predict what happens to secreted proteins.
Predict whether photosynthesis occurs in a root cell.
Explain why the transition state is high energy.
Predict enzyme activity at temperatures far above optimum.
Explain the role of carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins.
Compare plant and animal cells in terms of structure and function.
Interpret a reaction graph showing high activation energy and negative ΔG.
Explain how ATP drives coupled reactions.
Predict what happens if lysosomes rupture inside a cell.
Explain the difference between channel and carrier proteins.
Compare passive vs active transport in terms of energy and direction of movement.
