ControlWhat we need to doto aspects of theexperiment that weknow may have aneffect on theresponse, but thatare not the factorsbeing studiedObservationalunitsThe individualpeople, animals, orobjects on whichmeasurements aremade in anobservational study.PlaceboA treatment knownto have no effect,administered toone group so thatall groupsexperience thesame conditions.ResponsevariableA variablewhose valuesare comparedacross differenttreatments.CompletelyrandomizeddesignAllexperimentalunits have anequal chance ofreceiving anytreatment.MatchedpairsdesignObservational orexperimental unitsare paired up so thatboth units in a pairhave commoncharacteristics thatcould affect theresponse variable.ReplicateAn experimentshould berepeated overas manysubjects aspossible.LevelThe specificvalues that theexperimenterchooses for afactorBlockingWhen subgroups of theexperimental unitsdiffer in ways that mayaffect their responsesto treatments, it is agood idea to gatherthem together intothese.ExperimentalunitsIndividualson whom anexperimentis performed.ConfoundingWhen the levels ofone factor areassociated with thelevels of anotherfactor in such a waythat their effectscannot be separated.RandomizeWhat we need todo to subjects forthe treatments toeven out effectsthat we cannotcontrol.ExperimentThis manipulates factorlevels to createtreatments, randomlyassigns subjects tothese treatment levels,and then compares theresponses of thesubject groups acrosstreatment levels. RetrospectivestudyAn observationalstudy in whichsubjects are selectedand then theirprevious conditionsor behaviors aredetermined.ProspectivestudyAn observationalstudy in whichsubjects arefollowed toobserve futureoutcomes.BlockWe need to do this toreduce the effects ofidentifiable attributesof the subjects thatmay affect theirresponses but cannotbe controlled.Randomizedblock designWhen thesubjects arerandomlyassigned totreatments onlywithin blocks.ObservationalstudyA study basedon data in whichno manipulationof factors hasbeen employed. RandomassignmentTo be valid, anexperiment mustassignexperimental unitsto treatmentgroups at random.PlaceboeffectThe tendency ofmany humansubjects to show aresponse evenwhen administereda placebo.ControlgroupThe experimentalunits assigned to abaseline treatmentlevel, typically eitherthe default treatment,which is wellunderstood, or a null,placebo treatment.Single-blindWhen humansubjects areblinded to thetreatmentsthey’rereceiving.StatisticallysignificantWhen an observeddifference is toolarge for us tobelieve that it islikely to haveoccurred bychance.TreatmentThe process,intervention, orother controlledcircumstanceapplied torandomly assignedexperimental units.BlindingAny individualassociated with anexperiment who isnot aware of howsubjects have beenallocated to treatmentgroups is said to beblinded.FactorA variablewhose levelsaremanipulated bytheexperimenter.Double-blindWhen the subjects andother parties are alsoblinded to thetreatments (e.g.,people administeringthe treatments orpeople makingsubjective evaluationsof the response)ControlWhat we need to doto aspects of theexperiment that weknow may have aneffect on theresponse, but thatare not the factorsbeing studiedObservationalunitsThe individualpeople, animals, orobjects on whichmeasurements aremade in anobservational study.PlaceboA treatment knownto have no effect,administered toone group so thatall groupsexperience thesame conditions.ResponsevariableA variablewhose valuesare comparedacross differenttreatments.CompletelyrandomizeddesignAllexperimentalunits have anequal chance ofreceiving anytreatment.MatchedpairsdesignObservational orexperimental unitsare paired up so thatboth units in a pairhave commoncharacteristics thatcould affect theresponse variable.ReplicateAn experimentshould berepeated overas manysubjects aspossible.LevelThe specificvalues that theexperimenterchooses for afactorBlockingWhen subgroups of theexperimental unitsdiffer in ways that mayaffect their responsesto treatments, it is agood idea to gatherthem together intothese.ExperimentalunitsIndividualson whom anexperimentis performed.ConfoundingWhen the levels ofone factor areassociated with thelevels of anotherfactor in such a waythat their effectscannot be separated.RandomizeWhat we need todo to subjects forthe treatments toeven out effectsthat we cannotcontrol.ExperimentThis manipulates factorlevels to createtreatments, randomlyassigns subjects tothese treatment levels,and then compares theresponses of thesubject groups acrosstreatment levels. RetrospectivestudyAn observationalstudy in whichsubjects are selectedand then theirprevious conditionsor behaviors aredetermined.ProspectivestudyAn observationalstudy in whichsubjects arefollowed toobserve futureoutcomes.BlockWe need to do this toreduce the effects ofidentifiable attributesof the subjects thatmay affect theirresponses but cannotbe controlled.Randomizedblock designWhen thesubjects arerandomlyassigned totreatments onlywithin blocks.ObservationalstudyA study basedon data in whichno manipulationof factors hasbeen employed. RandomassignmentTo be valid, anexperiment mustassignexperimental unitsto treatmentgroups at random.PlaceboeffectThe tendency ofmany humansubjects to show aresponse evenwhen administereda placebo.ControlgroupThe experimentalunits assigned to abaseline treatmentlevel, typically eitherthe default treatment,which is wellunderstood, or a null,placebo treatment.Single-blindWhen humansubjects areblinded to thetreatmentsthey’rereceiving.StatisticallysignificantWhen an observeddifference is toolarge for us tobelieve that it islikely to haveoccurred bychance.TreatmentThe process,intervention, orother controlledcircumstanceapplied torandomly assignedexperimental units.BlindingAny individualassociated with anexperiment who isnot aware of howsubjects have beenallocated to treatmentgroups is said to beblinded.FactorA variablewhose levelsaremanipulated bytheexperimenter.Double-blindWhen the subjects andother parties are alsoblinded to thetreatments (e.g.,people administeringthe treatments orpeople makingsubjective evaluationsof the response)

Chapter 7 Vocabulary - Call List

(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.


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  1. What we need to do to aspects of the experiment that we know may have an effect on the response, but that are not the factors being studied
    Control
  2. The individual people, animals, or objects on which measurements are made in an observational study.
    Observational units
  3. A treatment known to have no effect, administered to one group so that all groups experience the same conditions.
    Placebo
  4. A variable whose values are compared across different treatments.
    Response variable
  5. All experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment.
    Completely randomized design
  6. Observational or experimental units are paired up so that both units in a pair have common characteristics that could affect the response variable.
    Matched pairs design
  7. An experiment should be repeated over as many subjects as possible.
    Replicate
  8. The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor
    Level
  9. When subgroups of the experimental units differ in ways that may affect their responses to treatments, it is a good idea to gather them together into these.
    Blocking
  10. Individuals on whom an experiment is performed.
    Experimental units
  11. When the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor in such a way that their effects cannot be separated.
    Confounding
  12. What we need to do to subjects for the treatments to even out effects that we cannot control.
    Randomize
  13. This manipulates factor levels to create treatments, randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels, and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels.
    Experiment
  14. An observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined.
    Retrospective study
  15. An observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes.
    Prospective study
  16. We need to do this to reduce the effects of identifiable attributes of the subjects that may affect their responses but cannot be controlled.
    Block
  17. When the subjects are randomly assigned to treatments only within blocks.
    Randomized block design
  18. A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed.
    Observational study
  19. To be valid, an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random.
    Random assignment
  20. The tendency of many human subjects to show a response even when administered a placebo.
    Placebo effect
  21. The experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level, typically either the default treatment, which is well understood, or a null, placebo treatment.
    Control group
  22. When human subjects are blinded to the treatments they’re receiving.
    Single-blind
  23. When an observed difference is too large for us to believe that it is likely to have occurred by chance.
    Statistically significant
  24. The process, intervention, or other controlled circumstance applied to randomly assigned experimental units.
    Treatment
  25. Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups is said to be blinded.
    Blinding
  26. A variable whose levels are manipulated by the experimenter.
    Factor
  27. When the subjects and other parties are also blinded to the treatments (e.g., people administering the treatments or people making subjective evaluations of the response)
    Double-blind