(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 283)
law of effect
researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment
Albert Bandura
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
threshold
Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in instrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Edward Thorndike
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 287)
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.
binocular cue
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
middle ear
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
dual processing
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
endorphins
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.
blind spot
the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
thalamus
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
gestalt
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
transduction
the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
pituitary gland
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
behavior genetics
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
synapse
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
figure-ground
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
subliminal
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larg
gate-control theory
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 288)
fixed-interval schedule
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
inner ear
like Gazzaniga, studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions
Roger Sperry
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
endocrine system
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
hypothalamus
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
opponent-process theory
a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure.
fMRI (functional MRI)
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 272)
cognitive learning
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
neuron
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
top-down processing
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 285)
positive reinforcement
portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.
temporal lobes
in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced respo
acquisition
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p.
negative reinforcement
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Also called temporal theory.)
frequency theory
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situ
generalization
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
cerebellum
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 284)
reinforcement
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
parietal lobes
cognitive psychologist; latent learning and cognitive map
Edward Tolman
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
interneurons
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 274)
unconditioned response (UR)
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
perception
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
action potential
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response.
antagonist
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd).
difference threshold
a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.
split brain
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
inattentional blindness
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
motor cortex
scan a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure.
CT (computed tomography)
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
monocular cue
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced
discrimination
a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 283)
operant conditioning
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
sensory adaptation
a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next.
myelin sheath
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
retinal disparity
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
adrenal glands
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
association areas
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
reflex
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 273)
neutral stimulus (NS)
an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it
Carl Wernicke
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
perceptual constancy
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 274)
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response UR). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 274)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 312)
modeling
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
Weber's law
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
cerebral cortex
the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height).
intensity
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
depth perception
scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
PET (positron emission tomography)
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
fovea
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 286)
primary reinforcer
the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system (CNS)
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
bottom-up processing
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.
refractory period
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 276)
spontaneous recovery
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 289)
punishment
our movement sense—our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts.
kinesthesia
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
place theory
the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
axon
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
pupil
monocular depth cues in which objects closer to us seem to move at a faster pace than those that are farther away,
motion parallax
Russian physiologist; discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Ivan Pavlov
our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
consciousness
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, moti
signal detection theory
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
parasympathetic nervous system
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
optic nerve
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).
frequency
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 177)
wavelength
the sense of smell.
olfaction
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
perceptual set
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli.
sensory receptors
two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
amygdala
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
retina
a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
dendrites
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 304)
latent learning
a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
conduction hearing loss
a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.
pitch
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 288)
fixed-ratio schedule
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
rods
learning by observing others. (Also called social learning.) (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 312)
observational learning
the eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris.
cornea
portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
frontal lobes
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
sympathetic nervous system
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.
reticular formation
the base of the brainstem; controls heart-beat and breathing.
medulla
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
nerves
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 284)
shaping
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
hue
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
heritability
discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe responsible for language production
Paul Broca
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
B.F. Skinner
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 287)
continuous reinforcement schedule
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
phi phenomenon
failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.
change blindness
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 313)
mirror neurons
a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food). (Myers Psychology
classical conditioning
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses.
cochlea
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
brainstem
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
parrallel processing
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will ge
neurotransmitters
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
color constancy
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
motor (efferent) neurons
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 307)
learned helplessness
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
sensory (afferent) neurons
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
priming
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking.
glial cells (glia)
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 288)
variable-interval schedule
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.
limbic system
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
iris
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
selective attention
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 304)
cognitive map
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
feature detectors
the sense or act of hearing.
audition
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
sensation
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
somatosensory cortex
a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
agonist
tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
lesion
split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate
Michael Gazzaniga
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness.
sensorineural hearing loss
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
cones
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
corpus callosum
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 288)
variable-ratio schedule
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. (Myers Psychology
extinction
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (Also called the skeletal nervous system.)
somatic nervous system
a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
all-or-none response
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance.
vestibular sense
the formation of new neurons.
neurogenesis
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
plasticity
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might the
higher-order conditioning
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer -generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 304, 370)
insight
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.
reuptake
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
John B. Watson
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
nervous system
decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 271, 491)
habituation
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
hormones
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 274)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
lens
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.
occipital lobes
