Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Odorant stimuli for smell Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Hair Cells transducers for sound Vision Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Light stimuli for vision Sour Tastes acids Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Gustation Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Olfaction Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Proprioceptors for spatial information Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Bitter Tastes bases Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Photopsin 3 types; cones Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Cones color vision Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Hearing Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Sweet Tastes organic molecules Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Pitch frequency of sound waves Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Interoceptors viscera; inside body Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Salty Tastes ionized molecules Gustant stimuli for taste Rods black/white vision Transduction changing one form of energy into another Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Photoreceptors rods and cones Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Odorant stimuli for smell Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Hair Cells transducers for sound Vision Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Light stimuli for vision Sour Tastes acids Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Gustation Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Olfaction Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Proprioceptors for spatial information Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Bitter Tastes bases Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Photopsin 3 types; cones Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Cones color vision Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Hearing Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Sweet Tastes organic molecules Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Pitch frequency of sound waves Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Interoceptors viscera; inside body Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Salty Tastes ionized molecules Gustant stimuli for taste Rods black/white vision Transduction changing one form of energy into another Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Photoreceptors rods and cones Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
(Print)
opposing effects of the ANS
stimuli for smell
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
side of tongue, goes away with age
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
rest and digest
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
transducers for sound
Vision
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
largest, V at back of tongue
adrenergic; always inhibitory
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
1 type; rods
stimuli for vision
acids
CN 1; sensory only, smell
Gustation
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
amplitude of sound waves
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
spiciness; not an actual taste
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
noxious stimuli receptors
transducer for smell
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
cornea issue, scattered light
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
Olfaction
houses the receptor cells for hearing
for dynamic equilibrium
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
transducers for static equilibrium
transducer for taste
found on the skin; outside of body
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
with age, farsightedness
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
secretes acetylcholine
for spatial information
slow-adapting receptors; pain
bases
left side of chest and side of arm
3 types; cones
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
fast adapting receptors
CN 2; sensory only, vision
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
olfaction and gustation
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
fight or flight
against gravity; vestibule
sensory neurons
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
color vision
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
Hearing
adrenergic; always excitatory
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
organic molecules
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
noxious stimuli from viscera
version of vitamin A that activates rods
point and shoot; cooperative effect
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
against sudden or rotational movements
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
frequency of sound waves
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
stimuli for hearing
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
viscera; inside body
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
amount of pain a person perceives
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
ionized molecules
stimuli for taste
black/white vision
changing one form of energy into another
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
rods and cones
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
