Cones color vision Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sour Tastes acids Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Olfaction Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Gustation Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Gustant stimuli for taste Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Hearing Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Rods black/white vision Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Salty Tastes ionized molecules Odorant stimuli for smell Photoreceptors rods and cones Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Sweet Tastes organic molecules Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Bitter Tastes bases Transduction changing one form of energy into another Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Interoceptors viscera; inside body Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Hair Cells transducers for sound Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Light stimuli for vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Proprioceptors for spatial information Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Vision Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Pitch frequency of sound waves Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Photopsin 3 types; cones Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Cones color vision Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sour Tastes acids Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Olfaction Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Gustation Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Gustant stimuli for taste Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Hearing Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Rods black/white vision Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Salty Tastes ionized molecules Odorant stimuli for smell Photoreceptors rods and cones Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Sweet Tastes organic molecules Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Bitter Tastes bases Transduction changing one form of energy into another Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Interoceptors viscera; inside body Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Hair Cells transducers for sound Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Light stimuli for vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Proprioceptors for spatial information Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Vision Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Pitch frequency of sound waves Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Photopsin 3 types; cones Presbyopia with age, farsightedness
(Print)
color vision
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
acids
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
side of tongue, goes away with age
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
noxious stimuli from viscera
Olfaction
against gravity; vestibule
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
against sudden or rotational movements
Gustation
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
stimuli for taste
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
houses the receptor cells for hearing
Hearing
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
black/white vision
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
amplitude of sound waves
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
point and shoot; cooperative effect
ionized molecules
stimuli for smell
rods and cones
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
stimuli for hearing
opposing effects of the ANS
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
organic molecules
left side of chest and side of arm
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
fight or flight
bases
changing one form of energy into another
spiciness; not an actual taste
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
rest and digest
fast adapting receptors
adrenergic; always inhibitory
transducer for taste
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
transducer for smell
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
CN 1; sensory only, smell
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
1 type; rods
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
for dynamic equilibrium
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
olfaction and gustation
viscera; inside body
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
transducers for sound
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
largest, V at back of tongue
adrenergic; always excitatory
stimuli for vision
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
slow-adapting receptors; pain
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
version of vitamin A that activates rods
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
transducers for static equilibrium
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
CN 2; sensory only, vision
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
sensory neurons
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
for spatial information
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
noxious stimuli receptors
Vision
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
cornea issue, scattered light
secretes acetylcholine
frequency of sound waves
found on the skin; outside of body
amount of pain a person perceives
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
3 types; cones
with age, farsightedness
