Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Pitch frequency of sound waves General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Sour Tastes acids Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Gustation Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Photoreceptors rods and cones Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Salty Tastes ionized molecules Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Hearing Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Photopsin 3 types; cones Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Vision Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Transduction changing one form of energy into another Bitter Tastes bases Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Olfaction Hair Cells transducers for sound Cones color vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Sweet Tastes organic molecules External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Interoceptors viscera; inside body Odorant stimuli for smell Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Gustant stimuli for taste Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Rods black/white vision Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Light stimuli for vision Proprioceptors for spatial information Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Pitch frequency of sound waves General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Sour Tastes acids Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Gustation Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Photoreceptors rods and cones Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Salty Tastes ionized molecules Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Hearing Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Photopsin 3 types; cones Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Vision Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Transduction changing one form of energy into another Bitter Tastes bases Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Olfaction Hair Cells transducers for sound Cones color vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Sweet Tastes organic molecules External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Interoceptors viscera; inside body Odorant stimuli for smell Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Gustant stimuli for taste Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Rods black/white vision Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Light stimuli for vision Proprioceptors for spatial information Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
(Print)
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
sensory neurons
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
fast adapting receptors
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
houses the receptor cells for hearing
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
left side of chest and side of arm
cornea issue, scattered light
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
frequency of sound waves
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
acids
transducers for static equilibrium
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
olfaction and gustation
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
Gustation
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
rods and cones
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
CN 1; sensory only, smell
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
noxious stimuli receptors
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
ionized molecules
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
against sudden or rotational movements
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
against gravity; vestibule
for dynamic equilibrium
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
secretes acetylcholine
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
largest, V at back of tongue
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
fight or flight
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
1 type; rods
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
spiciness; not an actual taste
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
Hearing
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
rest and digest
3 types; cones
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
stimuli for hearing
noxious stimuli from viscera
found on the skin; outside of body
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
amount of pain a person perceives
opposing effects of the ANS
Vision
side of tongue, goes away with age
changing one form of energy into another
bases
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
amplitude of sound waves
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
slow-adapting receptors; pain
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
version of vitamin A that activates rods
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
Olfaction
transducers for sound
color vision
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
adrenergic; always inhibitory
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
organic molecules
point and shoot; cooperative effect
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
viscera; inside body
stimuli for smell
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
CN 2; sensory only, vision
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
stimuli for taste
adrenergic; always excitatory
black/white vision
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
transducer for taste
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
stimuli for vision
for spatial information
transducer for smell
with age, farsightedness
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
