Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Vision Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Hair Cells transducers for sound Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Light stimuli for vision Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Cones color vision Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Sweet Tastes organic molecules Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Photopsin 3 types; cones Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Rods black/white vision Interoceptors viscera; inside body Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Bitter Tastes bases Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Pitch frequency of sound waves Hearing Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Odorant stimuli for smell Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Gustation Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Photoreceptors rods and cones Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Sour Tastes acids Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Transduction changing one form of energy into another Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Proprioceptors for spatial information Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Olfaction Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Gustant stimuli for taste Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Vision Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Hair Cells transducers for sound Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Light stimuli for vision Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Cones color vision Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Sweet Tastes organic molecules Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Photopsin 3 types; cones Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Rods black/white vision Interoceptors viscera; inside body Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Bitter Tastes bases Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Pitch frequency of sound waves Hearing Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Odorant stimuli for smell Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Gustation Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Photoreceptors rods and cones Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Sour Tastes acids Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Transduction changing one form of energy into another Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Proprioceptors for spatial information Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Olfaction Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Gustant stimuli for taste Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
(Print)
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
Vision
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
opposing effects of the ANS
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
secretes acetylcholine
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
transducers for sound
version of vitamin A that activates rods
transducer for taste
found on the skin; outside of body
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
stimuli for vision
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
color vision
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
organic molecules
amount of pain a person perceives
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
sensory neurons
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
left side of chest and side of arm
rest and digest
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
3 types; cones
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
side of tongue, goes away with age
black/white vision
viscera; inside body
ionized molecules
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
bases
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
frequency of sound waves
Hearing
with age, farsightedness
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
stimuli for smell
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
largest, V at back of tongue
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
against sudden or rotational movements
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
noxious stimuli receptors
transducer for smell
Gustation
fast adapting receptors
rods and cones
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
acids
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
1 type; rods
cornea issue, scattered light
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
changing one form of energy into another
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
point and shoot; cooperative effect
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
fight or flight
CN 2; sensory only, vision
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
for dynamic equilibrium
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
amplitude of sound waves
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
CN 1; sensory only, smell
spiciness; not an actual taste
adrenergic; always excitatory
houses the receptor cells for hearing
transducers for static equilibrium
against gravity; vestibule
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
for spatial information
noxious stimuli from viscera
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
slow-adapting receptors; pain
Olfaction
stimuli for hearing
stimuli for taste
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
olfaction and gustation
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
adrenergic; always inhibitory
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
