Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Gustation Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Pitch frequency of sound waves Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Gustant stimuli for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Sour Tastes acids Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Olfaction Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Interoceptors viscera; inside body Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Cones color vision Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Hearing Transduction changing one form of energy into another Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Photoreceptors rods and cones Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Photopsin 3 types; cones Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Light stimuli for vision Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Odorant stimuli for smell Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Bitter Tastes bases Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Salty Tastes ionized molecules Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Vision Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Hair Cells transducers for sound Proprioceptors for spatial information Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Rods black/white vision Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Gustation Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Pitch frequency of sound waves Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Gustant stimuli for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Sour Tastes acids Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Olfaction Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Interoceptors viscera; inside body Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Cones color vision Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Hearing Transduction changing one form of energy into another Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Photoreceptors rods and cones Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Photopsin 3 types; cones Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Light stimuli for vision Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Odorant stimuli for smell Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Bitter Tastes bases Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Salty Tastes ionized molecules Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Vision Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Hair Cells transducers for sound Proprioceptors for spatial information Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Rods black/white vision
(Print)
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
cornea issue, scattered light
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
noxious stimuli from viscera
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
version of vitamin A that activates rods
Gustation
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
left side of chest and side of arm
frequency of sound waves
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
found on the skin; outside of body
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
CN 2; sensory only, vision
stimuli for hearing
transducer for taste
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
slow-adapting receptors; pain
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
fast adapting receptors
stimuli for taste
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
acids
1 type; rods
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
Olfaction
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
viscera; inside body
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
point and shoot; cooperative effect
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
color vision
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
houses the receptor cells for hearing
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
olfaction and gustation
spiciness; not an actual taste
amount of pain a person perceives
with age, farsightedness
Hearing
changing one form of energy into another
secretes acetylcholine
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
rods and cones
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
transducers for static equilibrium
rest and digest
3 types; cones
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
amplitude of sound waves
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
stimuli for vision
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
organic molecules
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
stimuli for smell
largest, V at back of tongue
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
adrenergic; always inhibitory
for dynamic equilibrium
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
sensory neurons
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
bases
against gravity; vestibule
ionized molecules
side of tongue, goes away with age
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
transducer for smell
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
against sudden or rotational movements
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
opposing effects of the ANS
CN 1; sensory only, smell
adrenergic; always excitatory
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
noxious stimuli receptors
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
Vision
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
transducers for sound
for spatial information
fight or flight
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
black/white vision
