Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Hearing Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Olfaction Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Interoceptors viscera; inside body Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Salty Tastes ionized molecules Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Gustant stimuli for taste Gustation Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Bitter Tastes bases Photopsin 3 types; cones Proprioceptors for spatial information Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Rods black/white vision Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Photoreceptors rods and cones Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Sour Tastes acids Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Cones color vision Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Vision Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Transduction changing one form of energy into another Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Pitch frequency of sound waves Sweet Tastes organic molecules Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Hair Cells transducers for sound Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Light stimuli for vision Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Odorant stimuli for smell Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Hearing Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Olfaction Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Interoceptors viscera; inside body Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Salty Tastes ionized molecules Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Gustant stimuli for taste Gustation Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Bitter Tastes bases Photopsin 3 types; cones Proprioceptors for spatial information Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Rods black/white vision Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Photoreceptors rods and cones Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Sour Tastes acids Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Cones color vision Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Vision Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Transduction changing one form of energy into another Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Pitch frequency of sound waves Sweet Tastes organic molecules Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Hair Cells transducers for sound Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Light stimuli for vision Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Odorant stimuli for smell
(Print)
noxious stimuli receptors
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
Hearing
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
Olfaction
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
stimuli for hearing
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
for dynamic equilibrium
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
noxious stimuli from viscera
fight or flight
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
transducer for smell
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
point and shoot; cooperative effect
viscera; inside body
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
CN 1; sensory only, smell
ionized molecules
houses the receptor cells for hearing
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
rest and digest
amount of pain a person perceives
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
stimuli for taste
Gustation
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
bases
3 types; cones
for spatial information
transducers for static equilibrium
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
black/white vision
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
olfaction and gustation
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
fast adapting receptors
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
cornea issue, scattered light
transducer for taste
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
CN 2; sensory only, vision
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
rods and cones
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
amplitude of sound waves
sensory neurons
found on the skin; outside of body
acids
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
against sudden or rotational movements
color vision
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
slow-adapting receptors; pain
Vision
version of vitamin A that activates rods
changing one form of energy into another
adrenergic; always excitatory
frequency of sound waves
organic molecules
1 type; rods
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
transducers for sound
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
with age, farsightedness
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
adrenergic; always inhibitory
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
side of tongue, goes away with age
stimuli for vision
against gravity; vestibule
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
largest, V at back of tongue
opposing effects of the ANS
spiciness; not an actual taste
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
left side of chest and side of arm
secretes acetylcholine
stimuli for smell
