Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Pitch frequency of sound waves Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Photopsin 3 types; cones Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Light stimuli for vision Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Hearing Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Hair Cells transducers for sound Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Rods black/white vision Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Transduction changing one form of energy into another Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Olfaction Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Interoceptors viscera; inside body Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Bitter Tastes bases Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Proprioceptors for spatial information Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Gustation Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Sour Tastes acids Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Photoreceptors rods and cones Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Gustant stimuli for taste Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Salty Tastes ionized molecules Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Odorant stimuli for smell Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Cones color vision Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vision Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Pitch frequency of sound waves Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Photopsin 3 types; cones Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Light stimuli for vision Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Hearing Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Hair Cells transducers for sound Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Rods black/white vision Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Transduction changing one form of energy into another Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Olfaction Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Interoceptors viscera; inside body Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Bitter Tastes bases Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Proprioceptors for spatial information Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Gustation Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Sour Tastes acids Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Photoreceptors rods and cones Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Gustant stimuli for taste Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Salty Tastes ionized molecules Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Odorant stimuli for smell Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Cones color vision Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vision Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
(Print)
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
frequency of sound waves
adrenergic; always inhibitory
point and shoot; cooperative effect
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
adrenergic; always excitatory
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
3 types; cones
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
stimuli for vision
amount of pain a person perceives
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
Hearing
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
transducers for sound
cornea issue, scattered light
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
black/white vision
olfaction and gustation
CN 1; sensory only, smell
side of tongue, goes away with age
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
amplitude of sound waves
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
CN 2; sensory only, vision
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
changing one form of energy into another
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
transducer for smell
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Olfaction
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
viscera; inside body
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
sensory neurons
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
with age, farsightedness
found on the skin; outside of body
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
secretes acetylcholine
transducer for taste
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
bases
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
for dynamic equilibrium
slow-adapting receptors; pain
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
largest, V at back of tongue
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
noxious stimuli from viscera
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
for spatial information
spiciness; not an actual taste
Gustation
stimuli for hearing
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
acids
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
rest and digest
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
opposing effects of the ANS
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
rods and cones
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
stimuli for taste
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
against sudden or rotational movements
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
ionized molecules
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
left side of chest and side of arm
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
against gravity; vestibule
organic molecules
fight or flight
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
fast adapting receptors
transducers for static equilibrium
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
noxious stimuli receptors
version of vitamin A that activates rods
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
1 type; rods
stimuli for smell
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
color vision
houses the receptor cells for hearing
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
Vision
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
