Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hearing Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Cones color vision Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Light stimuli for vision Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Hair Cells transducers for sound Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Rods black/white vision Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Photoreceptors rods and cones Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Olfaction Bitter Tastes bases Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Gustation Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Vision Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Photopsin 3 types; cones Proprioceptors for spatial information Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Sweet Tastes organic molecules Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Odorant stimuli for smell Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Pitch frequency of sound waves Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sour Tastes acids Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Transduction changing one form of energy into another Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Gustant stimuli for taste Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Interoceptors viscera; inside body Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hearing Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Cones color vision Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Light stimuli for vision Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Hair Cells transducers for sound Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Rods black/white vision Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Photoreceptors rods and cones Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Olfaction Bitter Tastes bases Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Gustation Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Vision Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Photopsin 3 types; cones Proprioceptors for spatial information Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Sweet Tastes organic molecules Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Odorant stimuli for smell Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Pitch frequency of sound waves Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sour Tastes acids Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Transduction changing one form of energy into another Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Gustant stimuli for taste Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Interoceptors viscera; inside body Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
(Print)
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
stimuli for hearing
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
Hearing
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
against gravity; vestibule
fast adapting receptors
color vision
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
stimuli for vision
transducers for static equilibrium
cornea issue, scattered light
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
point and shoot; cooperative effect
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
transducers for sound
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
black/white vision
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
version of vitamin A that activates rods
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
CN 2; sensory only, vision
ionized molecules
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
amplitude of sound waves
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
secretes acetylcholine
rods and cones
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
1 type; rods
Olfaction
bases
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
Gustation
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
Vision
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
opposing effects of the ANS
slow-adapting receptors; pain
3 types; cones
for spatial information
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
noxious stimuli receptors
olfaction and gustation
adrenergic; always excitatory
fight or flight
organic molecules
with age, farsightedness
spiciness; not an actual taste
stimuli for smell
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
found on the skin; outside of body
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
CN 1; sensory only, smell
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
frequency of sound waves
rest and digest
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
against sudden or rotational movements
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
largest, V at back of tongue
acids
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
sensory neurons
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
changing one form of energy into another
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
left side of chest and side of arm
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
amount of pain a person perceives
noxious stimuli from viscera
adrenergic; always inhibitory
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
houses the receptor cells for hearing
stimuli for taste
transducer for smell
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
viscera; inside body
transducer for taste
for dynamic equilibrium
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
side of tongue, goes away with age
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
