Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Cones color vision Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Odorant stimuli for smell Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Interoceptors viscera; inside body Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pitch frequency of sound waves Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Rods black/white vision Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Hearing Sweet Tastes organic molecules Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Sour Tastes acids Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Bitter Tastes bases Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Proprioceptors for spatial information Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hair Cells transducers for sound Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Olfaction Gustation Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Photopsin 3 types; cones Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Salty Tastes ionized molecules Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Light stimuli for vision Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Gustant stimuli for taste Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Photoreceptors rods and cones Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Transduction changing one form of energy into another Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Vision Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Cones color vision Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Odorant stimuli for smell Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Interoceptors viscera; inside body Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pitch frequency of sound waves Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Rods black/white vision Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Hearing Sweet Tastes organic molecules Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Sour Tastes acids Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Bitter Tastes bases Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Proprioceptors for spatial information Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hair Cells transducers for sound Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Olfaction Gustation Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Photopsin 3 types; cones Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Salty Tastes ionized molecules Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Light stimuli for vision Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Gustant stimuli for taste Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Photoreceptors rods and cones Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Transduction changing one form of energy into another Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Vision Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
(Print)
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
color vision
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
stimuli for smell
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
viscera; inside body
amount of pain a person perceives
amplitude of sound waves
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
largest, V at back of tongue
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
transducers for static equilibrium
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
noxious stimuli from viscera
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
left side of chest and side of arm
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
version of vitamin A that activates rods
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
frequency of sound waves
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
adrenergic; always inhibitory
transducer for taste
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
found on the skin; outside of body
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
olfaction and gustation
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
black/white vision
fight or flight
cornea issue, scattered light
Hearing
organic molecules
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
acids
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
bases
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
fast adapting receptors
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
for spatial information
opposing effects of the ANS
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
transducers for sound
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
1 type; rods
slow-adapting receptors; pain
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
CN 2; sensory only, vision
transducer for smell
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
houses the receptor cells for hearing
secretes acetylcholine
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
stimuli for hearing
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
spiciness; not an actual taste
with age, farsightedness
Olfaction
Gustation
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
against gravity; vestibule
3 types; cones
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
side of tongue, goes away with age
rest and digest
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
against sudden or rotational movements
noxious stimuli receptors
for dynamic equilibrium
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
CN 1; sensory only, smell
ionized molecules
sensory neurons
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
stimuli for vision
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
stimuli for taste
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
rods and cones
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
changing one form of energy into another
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
Vision
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
point and shoot; cooperative effect
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
adrenergic; always excitatory
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
