Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Photopsin 3 types; cones Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Gustation Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Odorant stimuli for smell Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Cones color vision Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Vision Interoceptors viscera; inside body Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Pitch frequency of sound waves Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Transduction changing one form of energy into another Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Proprioceptors for spatial information Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Gustant stimuli for taste Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Photoreceptors rods and cones Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Light stimuli for vision Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Rods black/white vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Hearing Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Sour Tastes acids Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Olfaction Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Hair Cells transducers for sound Bitter Tastes bases Sweet Tastes organic molecules Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Photopsin 3 types; cones Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Gustation Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Odorant stimuli for smell Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Cones color vision Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Vision Interoceptors viscera; inside body Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Pitch frequency of sound waves Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Transduction changing one form of energy into another Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Proprioceptors for spatial information Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Gustant stimuli for taste Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Photoreceptors rods and cones Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Light stimuli for vision Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Rods black/white vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Hearing Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Sour Tastes acids Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Olfaction Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Hair Cells transducers for sound Bitter Tastes bases Sweet Tastes organic molecules Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
(Print)
version of vitamin A that activates rods
3 types; cones
fight or flight
Gustation
transducers for static equilibrium
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
stimuli for smell
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
olfaction and gustation
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
spiciness; not an actual taste
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
opposing effects of the ANS
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
color vision
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
Vision
viscera; inside body
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
for dynamic equilibrium
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
CN 2; sensory only, vision
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
with age, farsightedness
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
cornea issue, scattered light
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
stimuli for hearing
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
transducer for smell
frequency of sound waves
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
largest, V at back of tongue
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
changing one form of energy into another
side of tongue, goes away with age
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
1 type; rods
for spatial information
amount of pain a person perceives
stimuli for taste
adrenergic; always inhibitory
secretes acetylcholine
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
rods and cones
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
adrenergic; always excitatory
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
stimuli for vision
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
rest and digest
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
amplitude of sound waves
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
black/white vision
ionized molecules
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
houses the receptor cells for hearing
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
found on the skin; outside of body
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
Hearing
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
acids
against gravity; vestibule
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
Olfaction
noxious stimuli receptors
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
CN 1; sensory only, smell
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
fast adapting receptors
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
noxious stimuli from viscera
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
left side of chest and side of arm
transducers for sound
bases
organic molecules
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
point and shoot; cooperative effect
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
against sudden or rotational movements
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
transducer for taste
sensory neurons
slow-adapting receptors; pain
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
