Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Olfaction Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Rods black/white vision Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Odorant stimuli for smell Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Photoreceptors rods and cones Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Interoceptors viscera; inside body Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Cones color vision Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Light stimuli for vision General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hair Cells transducers for sound Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Gustation Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Bitter Tastes bases Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gustant stimuli for taste Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Sweet Tastes organic molecules Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Sour Tastes acids Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Photopsin 3 types; cones Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Proprioceptors for spatial information Transduction changing one form of energy into another Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Hearing Pitch frequency of sound waves Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Olfaction Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Rods black/white vision Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Odorant stimuli for smell Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Photoreceptors rods and cones Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Interoceptors viscera; inside body Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Cones color vision Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Light stimuli for vision General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Hair Cells transducers for sound Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Gustation Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Bitter Tastes bases Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gustant stimuli for taste Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Vision Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Sweet Tastes organic molecules Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Sour Tastes acids Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Photopsin 3 types; cones Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Proprioceptors for spatial information Transduction changing one form of energy into another Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Hearing Pitch frequency of sound waves Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium
(Print)
fight or flight
adrenergic; always inhibitory
Olfaction
found on the skin; outside of body
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
opposing effects of the ANS
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
1 type; rods
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
olfaction and gustation
black/white vision
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
CN 2; sensory only, vision
stimuli for smell
transducer for taste
fast adapting receptors
CN 1; sensory only, smell
adrenergic; always excitatory
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
rods and cones
against sudden or rotational movements
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
with age, farsightedness
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
viscera; inside body
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
amplitude of sound waves
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
spiciness; not an actual taste
color vision
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
amount of pain a person perceives
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
point and shoot; cooperative effect
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
stimuli for vision
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
transducers for sound
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
Gustation
version of vitamin A that activates rods
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
stimuli for hearing
bases
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
secretes acetylcholine
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
stimuli for taste
noxious stimuli receptors
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
left side of chest and side of arm
Vision
ionized molecules
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
against gravity; vestibule
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
organic molecules
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
for dynamic equilibrium
acids
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
slow-adapting receptors; pain
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
3 types; cones
sensory neurons
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
noxious stimuli from viscera
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
transducer for smell
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
side of tongue, goes away with age
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
rest and digest
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
houses the receptor cells for hearing
transducers for static equilibrium
for spatial information
changing one form of energy into another
largest, V at back of tongue
Hearing
frequency of sound waves
cornea issue, scattered light
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
