Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Cones color vision Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sweet Tastes organic molecules Transduction changing one form of energy into another Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Bitter Tastes bases Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Hair Cells transducers for sound Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Interoceptors viscera; inside body Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Odorant stimuli for smell Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Olfaction Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Gustation Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Pitch frequency of sound waves Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Photopsin 3 types; cones Hearing Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Photoreceptors rods and cones Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Proprioceptors for spatial information Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Gustant stimuli for taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Rods black/white vision Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Salty Tastes ionized molecules Sour Tastes acids Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Light stimuli for vision Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Vision Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Cones color vision Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Sweet Tastes organic molecules Transduction changing one form of energy into another Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Bitter Tastes bases Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Hair Cells transducers for sound Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Interoceptors viscera; inside body Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Odorant stimuli for smell Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Olfaction Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Gustation Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Pitch frequency of sound waves Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Photopsin 3 types; cones Hearing Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Photoreceptors rods and cones Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Proprioceptors for spatial information Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Gustant stimuli for taste Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Rods black/white vision Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Salty Tastes ionized molecules Sour Tastes acids Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Light stimuli for vision Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Vision
(Print)
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
color vision
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
point and shoot; cooperative effect
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
organic molecules
changing one form of energy into another
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
transducers for static equilibrium
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
noxious stimuli receptors
bases
transducer for taste
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
secretes acetylcholine
adrenergic; always excitatory
against gravity; vestibule
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
left side of chest and side of arm
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
transducers for sound
fast adapting receptors
viscera; inside body
rest and digest
against sudden or rotational movements
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
stimuli for hearing
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
stimuli for smell
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
CN 1; sensory only, smell
Olfaction
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
CN 2; sensory only, vision
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
fight or flight
noxious stimuli from viscera
Gustation
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
sensory neurons
version of vitamin A that activates rods
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
frequency of sound waves
houses the receptor cells for hearing
largest, V at back of tongue
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
found on the skin; outside of body
for dynamic equilibrium
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
olfaction and gustation
slow-adapting receptors; pain
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
3 types; cones
Hearing
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
rods and cones
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
opposing effects of the ANS
for spatial information
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
stimuli for taste
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
amplitude of sound waves
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
side of tongue, goes away with age
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
amount of pain a person perceives
spiciness; not an actual taste
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
cornea issue, scattered light
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
adrenergic; always inhibitory
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
black/white vision
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
ionized molecules
acids
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
1 type; rods
transducer for smell
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
with age, farsightedness
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
stimuli for vision
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
Vision
