Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Bitter Tastes bases Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Cones color vision Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Proprioceptors for spatial information Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Sour Tastes acids Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Photoreceptors rods and cones Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Pitch frequency of sound waves Vision Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Light stimuli for vision Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Gustation Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Hair Cells transducers for sound Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Odorant stimuli for smell Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Olfaction Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Rods black/white vision Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Interoceptors viscera; inside body Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Transduction changing one form of energy into another Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Gustant stimuli for taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Photopsin 3 types; cones Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Hearing External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Salty Tastes ionized molecules Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Bitter Tastes bases Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Cones color vision Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Proprioceptors for spatial information Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Sour Tastes acids Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Photoreceptors rods and cones Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Sweet Tastes organic molecules Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Pitch frequency of sound waves Vision Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Light stimuli for vision Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Gustation Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Hair Cells transducers for sound Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Odorant stimuli for smell Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Olfaction Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Rods black/white vision Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Interoceptors viscera; inside body Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Transduction changing one form of energy into another Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Gustant stimuli for taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Photopsin 3 types; cones Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Hearing External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Salty Tastes ionized molecules Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves
(Print)
found on the skin; outside of body
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
transducer for taste
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
bases
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
color vision
against sudden or rotational movements
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
for spatial information
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
for dynamic equilibrium
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
slow-adapting receptors; pain
acids
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
rods and cones
fast adapting receptors
houses the receptor cells for hearing
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
organic molecules
fight or flight
side of tongue, goes away with age
frequency of sound waves
Vision
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
stimuli for vision
largest, V at back of tongue
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
olfaction and gustation
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
Gustation
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
rest and digest
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
transducers for sound
amount of pain a person perceives
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
sensory neurons
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
secretes acetylcholine
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
cornea issue, scattered light
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
stimuli for smell
noxious stimuli from viscera
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
version of vitamin A that activates rods
against gravity; vestibule
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
Olfaction
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
black/white vision
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
transducers for static equilibrium
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
viscera; inside body
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
spiciness; not an actual taste
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
changing one form of energy into another
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
stimuli for taste
CN 2; sensory only, vision
adrenergic; always inhibitory
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
opposing effects of the ANS
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
3 types; cones
stimuli for hearing
transducer for smell
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
with age, farsightedness
CN 1; sensory only, smell
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
1 type; rods
left side of chest and side of arm
noxious stimuli receptors
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
Hearing
point and shoot; cooperative effect
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
adrenergic; always excitatory
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
ionized molecules
amplitude of sound waves
