Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Proprioceptors for spatial information Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Photoreceptors rods and cones Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Odorant stimuli for smell Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Vision Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Hair Cells transducers for sound Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Sweet Tastes organic molecules Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Light stimuli for vision Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Hearing Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Transduction changing one form of energy into another Olfaction Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sour Tastes acids Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Interoceptors viscera; inside body Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Gustant stimuli for taste Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Pitch frequency of sound waves Gustation Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Cones color vision Bitter Tastes bases Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Rods black/white vision Photopsin 3 types; cones Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Proprioceptors for spatial information Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Photoreceptors rods and cones Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Odorant stimuli for smell Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Vision Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Hair Cells transducers for sound Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Sweet Tastes organic molecules Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Light stimuli for vision Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Hearing Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Transduction changing one form of energy into another Olfaction Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Salty Tastes ionized molecules Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Sour Tastes acids Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Interoceptors viscera; inside body Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Gustant stimuli for taste Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Pitch frequency of sound waves Gustation Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Cones color vision Bitter Tastes bases Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Rods black/white vision Photopsin 3 types; cones Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
(Print)
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
for spatial information
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
rods and cones
olfaction and gustation
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
noxious stimuli receptors
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
adrenergic; always excitatory
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
CN 1; sensory only, smell
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
adrenergic; always inhibitory
stimuli for smell
noxious stimuli from viscera
rest and digest
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
Vision
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
opposing effects of the ANS
against sudden or rotational movements
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
side of tongue, goes away with age
transducers for sound
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
organic molecules
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
slow-adapting receptors; pain
stimuli for vision
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
Hearing
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
amplitude of sound waves
secretes acetylcholine
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
against gravity; vestibule
for dynamic equilibrium
sensory neurons
stimuli for hearing
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
cornea issue, scattered light
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
fast adapting receptors
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
changing one form of energy into another
Olfaction
houses the receptor cells for hearing
fight or flight
ionized molecules
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
amount of pain a person perceives
transducer for taste
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
1 type; rods
found on the skin; outside of body
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
largest, V at back of tongue
acids
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
transducers for static equilibrium
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
viscera; inside body
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
version of vitamin A that activates rods
left side of chest and side of arm
point and shoot; cooperative effect
stimuli for taste
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
frequency of sound waves
Gustation
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
with age, farsightedness
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
color vision
bases
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
black/white vision
3 types; cones
transducer for smell
spiciness; not an actual taste
CN 2; sensory only, vision
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
