Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Cones color vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Olfaction Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Sweet Tastes organic molecules External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Vision Proprioceptors for spatial information Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Photoreceptors rods and cones Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Sour Tastes acids Salty Tastes ionized molecules Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Rods black/white vision Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Photopsin 3 types; cones Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Gustation Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Bitter Tastes bases Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Pitch frequency of sound waves Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Odorant stimuli for smell Hair Cells transducers for sound Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Light stimuli for vision Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Gustant stimuli for taste Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Transduction changing one form of energy into another General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Interoceptors viscera; inside body Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Hearing Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light Color Blindness based on lack of cone type; X-lined Adrenal Glands sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted Kidney Referred Pain from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region Chemoreceptors olfaction and gustation Rhodopsin 1 type; rods Vallate Papillae largest, V at back of tongue Umami Tastes glutamate ions; meaty tastes Cones color vision Brain Stem ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex Cis- Retinal version of vitamin A that activates rods Spinal Cord regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS Semicircular Ducts for dynamic equilibrium Soundwaves stimuli for hearing Parasympathetic Axon Lengths long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector Sympathetic Axon Lengths short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord Tonic Receptors slow- adapting receptors; pain Pancreas Referred Pain upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ Exteroceptors found on the skin; outside of body Organ of Corti houses the receptor cells for hearing Optic Chiasm crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased Len Accommodation focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items Presbyopia with age, farsightedness Somatic Nervous System efferent, conscious part of the PNS Sensory Coding understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it Cholinergic Neurons secretes acetylcholine Olfactory Nerve CN 1; sensory only, smell Blood Vessels sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic- wise) Maculae transducers for static equilibrium Fungiform Papillae found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds Thoracolumbar origin starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns Heart Referred Pain left side of chest and side of arm Fovea Centralis high amount of cones; lens focused light on Olfaction Pain Tolerance amount of pain a person perceives Kidneys sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion Vagus Nerve cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation Sweet Tastes organic molecules External Genitalia point and shoot; cooperative effect Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Olfactory Receptor Cells transducer for smell Phasic Receptors fast adapting receptors HPA axis stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland Heart parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate Muscarinic Receptors cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic Pain Threshold amount a person can take stimuli- wise; same for everyone Hyperopia short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted Optic Nerve CN 2; sensory only, vision Cristae of Ampullares transducers for dynamic equilibrium Vision Proprioceptors for spatial information Tectorial Membrane gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells Photoreceptors rods and cones Somatic Pain noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles Dual Innervation describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS Visceral Pain noxious stimuli from viscera Pupil response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium Sour Tastes acids Salty Tastes ionized molecules Alpha 2 Receptors adrenergic; always inhibitory Rods black/white vision Nociceptors noxious stimuli receptors Photopsin 3 types; cones Amacrine Cells regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells Vestibule for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule Sweat Glands sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation Gustation Lungs parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9; 1/3 of taste Myopia long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted Alpha 1 Receptors adrenergic; always excitatory Foliate Papillae side of tongue, goes away with age Thermoreceptors heat/cold receptors, general sense specific Bitter Tastes bases Beta Receptors adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory Static Equilibrium against gravity; vestibule Mechanoreceptors receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses Capsaicin spiciness; not an actual taste Pitch frequency of sound waves Parasympathetic Nervous System rest and digest Odorant stimuli for smell Hair Cells transducers for sound Sound Intensity amplitude of sound waves Light stimuli for vision Horizontal Cells regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells Nicotinic Receptors cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic Receptive Field area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses Craniosacral origin starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve Afferent Neurons sensory neurons Gustant stimuli for taste Two-Point Threshold how many sensory receptors are found in one area Transduction changing one form of energy into another General Senses touch, pressure, pain, temperature Trans- Retinal version of vitamin A that inhibits rods Bipolar Cells cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs Varicosities axon terminals found along sympathetic axons Sensory Homunculus model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli Gustatory Receptor Cells transducer for taste Adipose Tissue sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors Hypothalamus ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system Appendix Referred Pain left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ Basilar Membrane moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived Filiform Papillae all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) efferent, unconscious part of the PNS Emmetropia normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord Interoceptors viscera; inside body Gallbladder Referred Pain right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt Ganglion Cells cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated Hearing Mass Activation describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS Pupillary Reflex changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light Dynamic Antagonism opposing effects of the ANS Dynamic Equilibrium against sudden or rotational movements Arrector Pili Muscle sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation Facial Nerve CN 7; 2/3 of taste Adrenergic Neurons secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine Special Senses vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight Astigmatism cornea issue, scattered light
(Print)
based on lack of cone type; X-lined
sympathetic impulses cause cortisol to be secreted
from umbilical region to back, sometimes lateral thigh region
olfaction and gustation
1 type; rods
largest, V at back of tongue
glutamate ions; meaty tastes
color vision
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the pupillary reflex
version of vitamin A that activates rods
regulates the micturition and defecation reflexes of ANS
for dynamic equilibrium
stimuli for hearing
long preganglionic axon with short postganglionic axon; ganglia close to effector
short preganglionic axon with long postganglionic axon; ganglia at spinal cord
slow-adapting receptors; pain
upper abdominal region, pretty local to organ
found on the skin; outside of body
houses the receptor cells for hearing
crossing of optic fibers that provides depth perception
parasympathetic causes increase movement of this while sympathetic causes decreased
focuses light to fovea, based on distance of items
with age, farsightedness
efferent, conscious part of the PNS
understand what the stimuli is, where its coming from, and any features from it
secretes acetylcholine
CN 1; sensory only, smell
sympathetic impulses cause mostly constriction (systematic-wise)
transducers for static equilibrium
found all over tongue, have most of the taste buds
starting places for sympathetic NS; lateral horns
left side of chest and side of arm
high amount of cones; lens focused light on
Olfaction
amount of pain a person perceives
sympathetic impulses cause renin secretion
cranial nerve 10; parasympathetic innervation
organic molecules
point and shoot; cooperative effect
neurotransmitters of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
transducer for smell
fast adapting receptors
stress response with hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland
parasympathetic causes rate of this to slow down and sympathetic increases rate
cholinergic; excitatory or inhibitory; metabotropic
amount a person can take stimuli-wise; same for everyone
short eyeball, convex glasses, farsighted
CN 2; sensory only, vision
transducers for dynamic equilibrium
Vision
for spatial information
gel-like membrane that regulates the channels for hair cells
rods and cones
noxious stimuli from skeletal muscles
describes how most organs have innervation from both divisions of ANS
noxious stimuli from viscera
response to light/dark; sympathetic causes dilation, parasympathetic causes constriction
CN 8; sensory only; hearing and equilibrium
acids
ionized molecules
adrenergic; always inhibitory
black/white vision
noxious stimuli receptors
3 types; cones
regulate activation of ganglion cells and bipolar cells
for static equilibrium; contains utricle and saccule
sympathetic impulses allow secretion of water for thermoregulation
Gustation
parasympathetic causes bronchoconstriction while sympathetic causes bronchodilation
CN 9; 1/3 of taste
long eyeball, concave glasses, nearsighted
adrenergic; always excitatory
side of tongue, goes away with age
heat/cold receptors, general sense specific
bases
adrenergic; can be either excitatory or inhibitory
against gravity; vestibule
receptors of general senses, hearing, and equilibrium senses
spiciness; not an actual taste
frequency of sound waves
rest and digest
stimuli for smell
transducers for sound
amplitude of sound waves
stimuli for vision
regulate activation of photoreceptors and bipolar cells
cholinergic; always excitatory; ionic
area that stimuli can be picked up by the senses
starting places for parasympathetic NS; vagus nerve
sensory neurons
stimuli for taste
how many sensory receptors are found in one area
changing one form of energy into another
touch, pressure, pain, temperature
version of vitamin A that inhibits rods
cell that has IPSPs in response to glutamate but secretes glutamate that provides EPSPs
axon terminals found along sympathetic axons
model to show sensory receptor density and amount of brain dedicate to each stimuli
transducer for taste
sympathetic impulses cause breakdown of fat
neurotransmitters of alpha and beta receptors
ANS with viscera responses, regulates the ANS with limbic system
left lower quadrant, pretty local to organ
moves with sound waves so sound can be perceived
all over tongue, has no taste buds, general senses
efferent, unconscious part of the PNS
normal shaped eye, light easily focused on retina
nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord
viscera; inside body
right shoulder and neck; also where liver is felt
cells that join for a cranial nerve; where vision impulses are generated
Hearing
describes the widespread, longer lasting effect of sympathetic NS
changing the opening of the eye based on ANS innervation and light
opposing effects of the ANS
against sudden or rotational movements
sympathetic impulses cause muscle contraction for thermoregulation
CN 7; 2/3 of taste
secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
fight or flight
cornea issue, scattered light
