IndictmentA formal chargeor accusation ofa serious crime,typically issuedby a grand jury.JudicialReviewThe power of thecourts, especially theU.S. Supreme Court,to review andpotentially invalidatelaws or actions thatare unconstitutional.BookingThe process ofrecording anindividual's personalinformation anddetails of theiralleged crime uponarrest.GrandyJuryA group of citizenswho review evidenceto determine whetherthere is enoughevidence to bringcharges against asuspect in a criminalcase.ContrabandAny item that isillegal to possess,often found in thepossession ofinmates incorrectionalfacilitiesBookingOfficerBooking Officer: Alaw enforcementofficer responsible forthe administrativeprocess of recordingan arrested person'sinformation andphotograph.Bill ofRightsThe first tenamendments to theUnited StatesConstitution, whichprotect individualliberties and limit thepowers of thegovernment.ClemencyThe power of agovernment executive(e.g., governor,president) to grantpardons,commutations, orreprieves to individualsconvicted of crimes.AllegationA formalassertion orstatement, oftenin a legal context,of wrongdoing ormisconduct.PleaBargainAn agreement betweenthe prosecution andthe defense in whichthe defendant agreesto plead guilty inexchange for areduced sentence orlesser charges.MirandaRights"You have theright to remainsilent, anythingyou say canand will beused ... "RestorativeJusticeA criminal justiceapproach thatfocuses on repairingthe harm caused bythe crime throughrestitution andrehabilitation ratherthan punishment.FelonyA seriouscrime, typicallypunishable byimprisonmentfor more thanone year.TestimonyOral or writtenevidenceprovided bywitnesses incourt under oath.  DueProcessThe legal principlethat individuals areentitled to fair andjust treatment underthe law, including theright to a fair trial andlegal representation.HomicideDetectiveA specialized lawenforcementofficer responsiblefor investigatinghomicides andsuspicious deaths.ChecksandBalancesThe system in agovernment withseparate branches(executive, legislative,and judicial) that allowseach branch to limit orcontrol the actions of theother branches toprevent abuse of power.JuvenileDelinquentA minor whohascommitted acriminaloffense.QuidProQuoA Latin termmeaning"something forsomething," oftenused in the contextof illegal exchangesor bribes.YouthfulOffenderA young personwho is subject tospecial legalconsiderations dueto their age whencharged with acrime.ProbationOfficerA professionalresponsible forsupervising andmonitoring individualson probation,ensuring compliancewith court-orderedconditions.Obstructionof JusticeInterfering with theproper administrationof the law, oftenthrough actions likelying to investigatorsor tampering withevidence.GrandLarcenyThe theft ofhigh-valueproperty orgoods, oftenclassified as afelony.UnconstitutionalIn violation of theprinciples andprovisions of aconstitution,particularly theU.S. Constitution.SupremacyClause: A provision in theU.S. Constitution thatestablishes federallaws and treaties asthe highest law of theland, supersedingstate laws whenthere is a conflict.VictimImpactStatementA statement made bya crime victim duringsentencing todescribe theemotional, physical,and financial impactof the crime on theirlife.AcquittalA legaljudgment that adefendant isnot guilty of thecrime they werecharged with.DetentionCenterA facility used tohold individualswho areawaiting trial,sentencing, ordeportation.YouthCourtA specialized courtsystem that dealswith cases involvingjuvenile offenders,focusing onrehabilitation ratherthan punishment.RestitutionThe payment orcompensation that anoffender is requiredto make to a victim tocover the financiallosses resulting froma crime.ConstitutionA fundamentaldocument thatoutlines the structure,powers, andlimitations of agovernment and itsrelationship with itscitizens.Mappv. Ohio(1961)This case established theexclusionary rule, whichprohibits the use of illegallyobtained evidence in statecriminal trials. It applied theFourth Amendment'sprotection againstunreasonable searchesand seizures to the statesthrough the FourtMirandav. Arizona(1966):This case established therequirement for lawenforcement to informsuspects of their Mirandarights (the right to remainsilent, the right to anattorney, etc.) when takeninto custody. Failure to doso may result in statementsmade by the suspeLethalinjectionA method ofadministering thedeath penalty byinjecting acombination ofdrugs that causedeath.ChainGangA group ofprisoners who areforced to worktogether, oftenperformingphysicallydemanding labor.WarrantA written order issuedby a judge ormagistrate thatauthorizes lawenforcement to take aspecific action, such asmaking an arrest orconducting a search.LarcenyThe unlawfultaking of anotherperson's propertywith the intent topermanentlydeprive them of it.MisdemeanorA less seriouscriminal offense,typicallypunishable byimprisonment forless than one year.Adjudicationhe legal processof resolving acase through ajudgment ordecision by ajudge or court.Chain ofCustodyThe documentationand record-keepingof the handling,storage, andtransfer of evidencein a criminal case toensure its integrity.ExonerationThe officialdeclaration ofinnocence of aperson who hasbeen wrongfullyconvicted.Recidivism The tendency of aconvicted criminalto reoffend orcommit newcrimes afterserving asentence.ZeroToleranceA law enforcement orschool policy thatenforces strictconsequences forspecific offenseswithout regard forindividualcircumstances.IncarcerationThe act ofconfining anindividual in aprison orcorrectional facilityas a punishmentfor a crime.ArrestThe act of taking aperson intocustody, usually bylaw enforcement,due to suspicion ofcommitting acrime.Riley v.California(2014)This case extended FourthAmendment protections tothe search of digitalinformation on a cell phoneincident to arrest. It heldthat law enforcementgenerally needs a warrantto search the contents of acell phone.JailA local facilitywhere individualsare held whileawaiting trial orserving shortsentences.ForensicScienceThe application ofscientific methodsand techniques tosolve crimes, ofteninvolving theanalysis ofphysical evidence.DelegatedPowersPowers specificallygranted to thefederal governmentby the Constitution,often outlined in theenumeratedpowers.Whren v.UnitedStates(1996)This case clarified that anytraffic violation, no matterhow minor, provides lawenforcement with probablecause to conduct a trafficstop, even if the realpurpose is to investigateother suspicions.KidnapforRansomA criminal act inwhich a person isabducted and heldhostage until aransom is paid tosecure theirrelease.CapitalPunishmentThe deathpenalty, oftenreserved for themost seriouscrimes, such asmurder.HomicideThe killing of oneperson by another,which may beclassified asmurder,manslaughter, orjustifiable homicide.DefendantThe personaccused ofcommitting acrime andstanding trial ina court of law.AccompliaceA person whoknowingly andwillingly assistsanother person incommitting a crime,making themcriminally liable aswell.SearchWarrantA legal documentissued by a judgethat authorizes lawenforcement tosearch a specificlocation forevidence of a crime.TortA civil wrong orwrongful act, oftenleading to alawsuit fordamages, distinctfrom a criminaloffense.Terry v.Ohio(1968)This case established the"stop and frisk" doctrine,allowing law enforcementofficers to stop and brieflydetain a person if theyhave reasonable suspicionof criminal activity and mayfrisk the person forweapons if they have areasonable belieEnumeratedPowersPowersspecifically listedin the U.S.Constitution asbelonging to thefederalgovernment.FurloughA temporary releaseof a prisoner fromprison for a specificreason or period,often forcompassionate ormedical purposes.  ArraignmentThe formal processduring which adefendant is read thecharges against themand enters a plea(guilty, not guilty, orno contest).Beyond aReasonableDoubtThe standard of proofrequired in a criminaltrial, indicating that theevidence must leaveno reasonable doubt inthe minds of jurorsregarding thedefendant's guilt.  GangViolenceCriminal activitiesand violenceassociated withorganized groupsof individualsknown as gangs.AmendmentAmendment: Aformal change oraddition to theConstitution, oftenmade to modify orclarify existingprovisions.NationalCrimeInformationCenter(NCIC)A computerizeddatabase used by lawenforcement agenciesin the United States toaccess information onwanted persons,missing persons, andcriminal records.ImmigrationDetentionThe practice ofdetainingindividuals who aresuspected of beingin a country illegallypending deportationproceedings.DoubleJeopardyThe constitutionalprotection thatprevents anindividual from beingtried twice for thesame offense in thesame jurisdiction.Hudson v.Michigan(2006)This case clarified the"knock-and-announce"rule,stating that violations ofthis rule do not require thesuppression of evidenceobtained during a search.However, it reaffirmed theimportance of respectingFourth Amendment rights.EminentDomainThe government'sright to take privateproperty for publicuse, provided justcompensation isgiven to theproperty owner.ExtraditionThe process ofsurrendering afugitive from onejurisdiction toanother forprosecution orimprisonment.Gideon v.Wainwright(1963)This case ruled that theright to counsel isfundamental and requiredunder the SixthAmendment for anyonefacing a felony charge,regardless of their ability topay for an attorney. Itexpanded the right to legalrepresentation.KidnappingThe crime offorcibly abductingand holding aperson againsttheir will, often forransom or otherunlawful purposes.NoloContendereA plea in which adefendant neitheradmits nor deniesguilt but acceptspunishment as ifguilty.Illinois v.Wardlow(2000)In this case, the Courtheld that unprovokedflight from lawenforcement officers ina high-crime area cancontribute toreasonable suspicionfor a stop andtemporary detention.BailThe money orproperty given tothe court ascollateral to ensurea defendant'sappearance incourt.SurveillanceThe monitoring andobservation ofindividuals or locations,often conducted by lawenforcement agenciesfor investigativepurposes.No-knockWarrantA type of searchwarrant that allowslaw enforcement toenter a premiseswithout announcingtheir presence, oftenused in high-risksituations.StalkingThe act of willfullyand repeatedlyharassing orfollowing anotherperson, causingthem to fear fortheir safety.WarrantlessSearchA search conductedby law enforcementwithout obtaining asearch warrant,typically justified byexceptions such asconsent or exigentcircumstances.ManslaughterThe unlawfulkilling of anotherperson withoutmaliceaforethought,typically withoutpremeditation.CitizenshipLegalmembership andstatus within acountry, grantingcertain rights andresponsibilities.QualifiedImmunityLegal protection thatshields governmentofficials, including lawenforcement officers,from personal liabilityin certain situations.ExpungementThe legal processof erasing orsealing a person'scriminal record,making itinaccessible to thepublic.ParoleThe supervisedrelease of aprisoner before thecompletion of theirsentence, subjectto certainconditions.Tennesseev. Garner(1985)This case clarified whendeadly force can be usedby law enforcement toapprehend fleeingsuspects. It ruled that it isunconstitutional to usedeadly force against afleeing suspect who doesnot pose a significant threatto the officer or othersAlibiAn assertion by adefendant thatthey were notpresent at thescene of the crimewhen it occurred.IndictmentA formal chargeor accusation ofa serious crime,typically issuedby a grand jury.JudicialReviewThe power of thecourts, especially theU.S. Supreme Court,to review andpotentially invalidatelaws or actions thatare unconstitutional.BookingThe process ofrecording anindividual's personalinformation anddetails of theiralleged crime uponarrest.GrandyJuryA group of citizenswho review evidenceto determine whetherthere is enoughevidence to bringcharges against asuspect in a criminalcase.ContrabandAny item that isillegal to possess,often found in thepossession ofinmates incorrectionalfacilitiesBookingOfficerBooking Officer: Alaw enforcementofficer responsible forthe administrativeprocess of recordingan arrested person'sinformation andphotograph.Bill ofRightsThe first tenamendments to theUnited StatesConstitution, whichprotect individualliberties and limit thepowers of thegovernment.ClemencyThe power of agovernment executive(e.g., governor,president) to grantpardons,commutations, orreprieves to individualsconvicted of crimes.AllegationA formalassertion orstatement, oftenin a legal context,of wrongdoing ormisconduct.PleaBargainAn agreement betweenthe prosecution andthe defense in whichthe defendant agreesto plead guilty inexchange for areduced sentence orlesser charges.MirandaRights"You have theright to remainsilent, anythingyou say canand will beused ... "RestorativeJusticeA criminal justiceapproach thatfocuses on repairingthe harm caused bythe crime throughrestitution andrehabilitation ratherthan punishment.FelonyA seriouscrime, typicallypunishable byimprisonmentfor more thanone year.TestimonyOral or writtenevidenceprovided bywitnesses incourt under oath.  DueProcessThe legal principlethat individuals areentitled to fair andjust treatment underthe law, including theright to a fair trial andlegal representation.HomicideDetectiveA specialized lawenforcementofficer responsiblefor investigatinghomicides andsuspicious deaths.ChecksandBalancesThe system in agovernment withseparate branches(executive, legislative,and judicial) that allowseach branch to limit orcontrol the actions of theother branches toprevent abuse of power.JuvenileDelinquentA minor whohascommitted acriminaloffense.QuidProQuoA Latin termmeaning"something forsomething," oftenused in the contextof illegal exchangesor bribes.YouthfulOffenderA young personwho is subject tospecial legalconsiderations dueto their age whencharged with acrime.ProbationOfficerA professionalresponsible forsupervising andmonitoring individualson probation,ensuring compliancewith court-orderedconditions.Obstructionof JusticeInterfering with theproper administrationof the law, oftenthrough actions likelying to investigatorsor tampering withevidence.GrandLarcenyThe theft ofhigh-valueproperty orgoods, oftenclassified as afelony.UnconstitutionalIn violation of theprinciples andprovisions of aconstitution,particularly theU.S. Constitution.SupremacyClause: A provision in theU.S. Constitution thatestablishes federallaws and treaties asthe highest law of theland, supersedingstate laws whenthere is a conflict.VictimImpactStatementA statement made bya crime victim duringsentencing todescribe theemotional, physical,and financial impactof the crime on theirlife.AcquittalA legaljudgment that adefendant isnot guilty of thecrime they werecharged with.DetentionCenterA facility used tohold individualswho areawaiting trial,sentencing, ordeportation.YouthCourtA specialized courtsystem that dealswith cases involvingjuvenile offenders,focusing onrehabilitation ratherthan punishment.RestitutionThe payment orcompensation that anoffender is requiredto make to a victim tocover the financiallosses resulting froma crime.ConstitutionA fundamentaldocument thatoutlines the structure,powers, andlimitations of agovernment and itsrelationship with itscitizens.Mappv. Ohio(1961)This case established theexclusionary rule, whichprohibits the use of illegallyobtained evidence in statecriminal trials. It applied theFourth Amendment'sprotection againstunreasonable searchesand seizures to the statesthrough the FourtMirandav. Arizona(1966):This case established therequirement for lawenforcement to informsuspects of their Mirandarights (the right to remainsilent, the right to anattorney, etc.) when takeninto custody. Failure to doso may result in statementsmade by the suspeLethalinjectionA method ofadministering thedeath penalty byinjecting acombination ofdrugs that causedeath.ChainGangA group ofprisoners who areforced to worktogether, oftenperformingphysicallydemanding labor.WarrantA written order issuedby a judge ormagistrate thatauthorizes lawenforcement to take aspecific action, such asmaking an arrest orconducting a search.LarcenyThe unlawfultaking of anotherperson's propertywith the intent topermanentlydeprive them of it.MisdemeanorA less seriouscriminal offense,typicallypunishable byimprisonment forless than one year.Adjudicationhe legal processof resolving acase through ajudgment ordecision by ajudge or court.Chain ofCustodyThe documentationand record-keepingof the handling,storage, andtransfer of evidencein a criminal case toensure its integrity.ExonerationThe officialdeclaration ofinnocence of aperson who hasbeen wrongfullyconvicted.Recidivism The tendency of aconvicted criminalto reoffend orcommit newcrimes afterserving asentence.ZeroToleranceA law enforcement orschool policy thatenforces strictconsequences forspecific offenseswithout regard forindividualcircumstances.IncarcerationThe act ofconfining anindividual in aprison orcorrectional facilityas a punishmentfor a crime.ArrestThe act of taking aperson intocustody, usually bylaw enforcement,due to suspicion ofcommitting acrime.Riley v.California(2014)This case extended FourthAmendment protections tothe search of digitalinformation on a cell phoneincident to arrest. It heldthat law enforcementgenerally needs a warrantto search the contents of acell phone.JailA local facilitywhere individualsare held whileawaiting trial orserving shortsentences.ForensicScienceThe application ofscientific methodsand techniques tosolve crimes, ofteninvolving theanalysis ofphysical evidence.DelegatedPowersPowers specificallygranted to thefederal governmentby the Constitution,often outlined in theenumeratedpowers.Whren v.UnitedStates(1996)This case clarified that anytraffic violation, no matterhow minor, provides lawenforcement with probablecause to conduct a trafficstop, even if the realpurpose is to investigateother suspicions.KidnapforRansomA criminal act inwhich a person isabducted and heldhostage until aransom is paid tosecure theirrelease.CapitalPunishmentThe deathpenalty, oftenreserved for themost seriouscrimes, such asmurder.HomicideThe killing of oneperson by another,which may beclassified asmurder,manslaughter, orjustifiable homicide.DefendantThe personaccused ofcommitting acrime andstanding trial ina court of law.AccompliaceA person whoknowingly andwillingly assistsanother person incommitting a crime,making themcriminally liable aswell.SearchWarrantA legal documentissued by a judgethat authorizes lawenforcement tosearch a specificlocation forevidence of a crime.TortA civil wrong orwrongful act, oftenleading to alawsuit fordamages, distinctfrom a criminaloffense.Terry v.Ohio(1968)This case established the"stop and frisk" doctrine,allowing law enforcementofficers to stop and brieflydetain a person if theyhave reasonable suspicionof criminal activity and mayfrisk the person forweapons if they have areasonable belieEnumeratedPowersPowersspecifically listedin the U.S.Constitution asbelonging to thefederalgovernment.FurloughA temporary releaseof a prisoner fromprison for a specificreason or period,often forcompassionate ormedical purposes.  ArraignmentThe formal processduring which adefendant is read thecharges against themand enters a plea(guilty, not guilty, orno contest).Beyond aReasonableDoubtThe standard of proofrequired in a criminaltrial, indicating that theevidence must leaveno reasonable doubt inthe minds of jurorsregarding thedefendant's guilt.  GangViolenceCriminal activitiesand violenceassociated withorganized groupsof individualsknown as gangs.AmendmentAmendment: Aformal change oraddition to theConstitution, oftenmade to modify orclarify existingprovisions.NationalCrimeInformationCenter(NCIC)A computerizeddatabase used by lawenforcement agenciesin the United States toaccess information onwanted persons,missing persons, andcriminal records.ImmigrationDetentionThe practice ofdetainingindividuals who aresuspected of beingin a country illegallypending deportationproceedings.DoubleJeopardyThe constitutionalprotection thatprevents anindividual from beingtried twice for thesame offense in thesame jurisdiction.Hudson v.Michigan(2006)This case clarified the"knock-and-announce"rule,stating that violations ofthis rule do not require thesuppression of evidenceobtained during a search.However, it reaffirmed theimportance of respectingFourth Amendment rights.EminentDomainThe government'sright to take privateproperty for publicuse, provided justcompensation isgiven to theproperty owner.ExtraditionThe process ofsurrendering afugitive from onejurisdiction toanother forprosecution orimprisonment.Gideon v.Wainwright(1963)This case ruled that theright to counsel isfundamental and requiredunder the SixthAmendment for anyonefacing a felony charge,regardless of their ability topay for an attorney. Itexpanded the right to legalrepresentation.KidnappingThe crime offorcibly abductingand holding aperson againsttheir will, often forransom or otherunlawful purposes.NoloContendereA plea in which adefendant neitheradmits nor deniesguilt but acceptspunishment as ifguilty.Illinois v.Wardlow(2000)In this case, the Courtheld that unprovokedflight from lawenforcement officers ina high-crime area cancontribute toreasonable suspicionfor a stop andtemporary detention.BailThe money orproperty given tothe court ascollateral to ensurea defendant'sappearance incourt.SurveillanceThe monitoring andobservation ofindividuals or locations,often conducted by lawenforcement agenciesfor investigativepurposes.No-knockWarrantA type of searchwarrant that allowslaw enforcement toenter a premiseswithout announcingtheir presence, oftenused in high-risksituations.StalkingThe act of willfullyand repeatedlyharassing orfollowing anotherperson, causingthem to fear fortheir safety.WarrantlessSearchA search conductedby law enforcementwithout obtaining asearch warrant,typically justified byexceptions such asconsent or exigentcircumstances.ManslaughterThe unlawfulkilling of anotherperson withoutmaliceaforethought,typically withoutpremeditation.CitizenshipLegalmembership andstatus within acountry, grantingcertain rights andresponsibilities.QualifiedImmunityLegal protection thatshields governmentofficials, including lawenforcement officers,from personal liabilityin certain situations.ExpungementThe legal processof erasing orsealing a person'scriminal record,making itinaccessible to thepublic.ParoleThe supervisedrelease of aprisoner before thecompletion of theirsentence, subjectto certainconditions.Tennesseev. Garner(1985)This case clarified whendeadly force can be usedby law enforcement toapprehend fleeingsuspects. It ruled that it isunconstitutional to usedeadly force against afleeing suspect who doesnot pose a significant threatto the officer or othersAlibiAn assertion by adefendant thatthey were notpresent at thescene of the crimewhen it occurred.

Los Lunas High School Criminal Justice BINGO - Call List

(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.


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  1. A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime, typically issued by a grand jury.
    Indictment
  2. The power of the courts, especially the U.S. Supreme Court, to review and potentially invalidate laws or actions that are unconstitutional.
    Judicial Review
  3. The process of recording an individual's personal information and details of their alleged crime upon arrest.
    Booking
  4. A group of citizens who review evidence to determine whether there is enough evidence to bring charges against a suspect in a criminal case.
    Grandy Jury
  5. Any item that is illegal to possess, often found in the possession of inmates in correctional facilities
    Contraband
  6. Booking Officer: A law enforcement officer responsible for the administrative process of recording an arrested person's information and photograph.
    Booking Officer
  7. The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which protect individual liberties and limit the powers of the government.
    Bill of Rights
  8. The power of a government executive (e.g., governor, president) to grant pardons, commutations, or reprieves to individuals convicted of crimes.
    Clemency
  9. A formal assertion or statement, often in a legal context, of wrongdoing or misconduct.
    Allegation
  10. An agreement between the prosecution and the defense in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence or lesser charges.
    Plea Bargain
  11. "You have the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used ... "
    Miranda Rights
  12. A criminal justice approach that focuses on repairing the harm caused by the crime through restitution and rehabilitation rather than punishment.
    Restorative Justice
  13. A serious crime, typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year.
    Felony
  14. Oral or written evidence provided by witnesses in court under oath.
    Testimony
  15. The legal principle that individuals are entitled to fair and just treatment under the law, including the right to a fair trial and legal representation.
    Due Process
  16. A specialized law enforcement officer responsible for investigating homicides and suspicious deaths.
    Homicide Detective
  17. The system in a government with separate branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) that allows each branch to limit or control the actions of the other branches to prevent abuse of power.
    Checks and Balances
  18. A minor who has committed a criminal offense.
    Juvenile Delinquent
  19. A Latin term meaning "something for something," often used in the context of illegal exchanges or bribes.
    Quid Pro Quo
  20. A young person who is subject to special legal considerations due to their age when charged with a crime.
    Youthful Offender
  21. A professional responsible for supervising and monitoring individuals on probation, ensuring compliance with court-ordered conditions.
    Probation Officer
  22. Interfering with the proper administration of the law, often through actions like lying to investigators or tampering with evidence.
    Obstruction of Justice
  23. The theft of high-value property or goods, often classified as a felony.
    Grand Larceny
  24. In violation of the principles and provisions of a constitution, particularly the U.S. Constitution.
    Unconstitutional
  25. : A provision in the U.S. Constitution that establishes federal laws and treaties as the highest law of the land, superseding state laws when there is a conflict.
    Supremacy Clause
  26. A statement made by a crime victim during sentencing to describe the emotional, physical, and financial impact of the crime on their life.
    Victim Impact Statement
  27. A legal judgment that a defendant is not guilty of the crime they were charged with.
    Acquittal
  28. A facility used to hold individuals who are awaiting trial, sentencing, or deportation.
    Detention Center
  29. A specialized court system that deals with cases involving juvenile offenders, focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
    Youth Court
  30. The payment or compensation that an offender is required to make to a victim to cover the financial losses resulting from a crime.
    Restitution
  31. A fundamental document that outlines the structure, powers, and limitations of a government and its relationship with its citizens.
    Constitution
  32. This case established the exclusionary rule, which prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in state criminal trials. It applied the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures to the states through the Fourt
    Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
  33. This case established the requirement for law enforcement to inform suspects of their Miranda rights (the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, etc.) when taken into custody. Failure to do so may result in statements made by the suspe
    Miranda v. Arizona (1966):
  34. A method of administering the death penalty by injecting a combination of drugs that cause death.
    Lethal injection
  35. A group of prisoners who are forced to work together, often performing physically demanding labor.
    Chain Gang
  36. A written order issued by a judge or magistrate that authorizes law enforcement to take a specific action, such as making an arrest or conducting a search.
    Warrant
  37. The unlawful taking of another person's property with the intent to permanently deprive them of it.
    Larceny
  38. A less serious criminal offense, typically punishable by imprisonment for less than one year.
    Misdemeanor
  39. he legal process of resolving a case through a judgment or decision by a judge or court.
    Adjudication
  40. The documentation and record-keeping of the handling, storage, and transfer of evidence in a criminal case to ensure its integrity.
    Chain of Custody
  41. The official declaration of innocence of a person who has been wrongfully convicted.
    Exoneration
  42. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend or commit new crimes after serving a sentence.
    Recidivism
  43. A law enforcement or school policy that enforces strict consequences for specific offenses without regard for individual circumstances.
    Zero Tolerance
  44. The act of confining an individual in a prison or correctional facility as a punishment for a crime.
    Incarceration
  45. The act of taking a person into custody, usually by law enforcement, due to suspicion of committing a crime.
    Arrest
  46. This case extended Fourth Amendment protections to the search of digital information on a cell phone incident to arrest. It held that law enforcement generally needs a warrant to search the contents of a cell phone.
    Riley v. California (2014)
  47. A local facility where individuals are held while awaiting trial or serving short sentences.
    Jail
  48. The application of scientific methods and techniques to solve crimes, often involving the analysis of physical evidence.
    Forensic Science
  49. Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution, often outlined in the enumerated powers.
    Delegated Powers
  50. This case clarified that any traffic violation, no matter how minor, provides law enforcement with probable cause to conduct a traffic stop, even if the real purpose is to investigate other suspicions.
    Whren v. United States (1996)
  51. A criminal act in which a person is abducted and held hostage until a ransom is paid to secure their release.
    Kidnap for Ransom
  52. The death penalty, often reserved for the most serious crimes, such as murder.
    Capital Punishment
  53. The killing of one person by another, which may be classified as murder, manslaughter, or justifiable homicide.
    Homicide
  54. The person accused of committing a crime and standing trial in a court of law.
    Defendant
  55. A person who knowingly and willingly assists another person in committing a crime, making them criminally liable as well.
    Accompliace
  56. A legal document issued by a judge that authorizes law enforcement to search a specific location for evidence of a crime.
    Search Warrant
  57. A civil wrong or wrongful act, often leading to a lawsuit for damages, distinct from a criminal offense.
    Tort
  58. This case established the "stop and frisk" doctrine, allowing law enforcement officers to stop and briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and may frisk the person for weapons if they have a reasonable belie
    Terry v. Ohio (1968)
  59. Powers specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution as belonging to the federal government.
    Enumerated Powers
  60. A temporary release of a prisoner from prison for a specific reason or period, often for compassionate or medical purposes.
    Furlough
  61. The formal process during which a defendant is read the charges against them and enters a plea (guilty, not guilty, or no contest).
    Arraignment
  62. The standard of proof required in a criminal trial, indicating that the evidence must leave no reasonable doubt in the minds of jurors regarding the defendant's guilt.
    Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
  63. Criminal activities and violence associated with organized groups of individuals known as gangs.
    Gang Violence
  64. Amendment: A formal change or addition to the Constitution, often made to modify or clarify existing provisions.
    Amendment
  65. A computerized database used by law enforcement agencies in the United States to access information on wanted persons, missing persons, and criminal records.
    National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
  66. The practice of detaining individuals who are suspected of being in a country illegally pending deportation proceedings.
    Immigration Detention
  67. The constitutional protection that prevents an individual from being tried twice for the same offense in the same jurisdiction.
    Double Jeopardy
  68. This case clarified the "knock-and-announce" rule, stating that violations of this rule do not require the suppression of evidence obtained during a search. However, it reaffirmed the importance of respecting Fourth Amendment rights.
    Hudson v. Michigan (2006)
  69. The government's right to take private property for public use, provided just compensation is given to the property owner.
    Eminent Domain
  70. The process of surrendering a fugitive from one jurisdiction to another for prosecution or imprisonment.
    Extradition
  71. This case ruled that the right to counsel is fundamental and required under the Sixth Amendment for anyone facing a felony charge, regardless of their ability to pay for an attorney. It expanded the right to legal representation.
    Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
  72. The crime of forcibly abducting and holding a person against their will, often for ransom or other unlawful purposes.
    Kidnapping
  73. A plea in which a defendant neither admits nor denies guilt but accepts punishment as if guilty.
    Nolo Contendere
  74. In this case, the Court held that unprovoked flight from law enforcement officers in a high-crime area can contribute to reasonable suspicion for a stop and temporary detention.
    Illinois v. Wardlow (2000)
  75. The money or property given to the court as collateral to ensure a defendant's appearance in court.
    Bail
  76. The monitoring and observation of individuals or locations, often conducted by law enforcement agencies for investigative purposes.
    Surveillance
  77. A type of search warrant that allows law enforcement to enter a premises without announcing their presence, often used in high-risk situations.
    No-knock Warrant
  78. The act of willfully and repeatedly harassing or following another person, causing them to fear for their safety.
    Stalking
  79. A search conducted by law enforcement without obtaining a search warrant, typically justified by exceptions such as consent or exigent circumstances.
    Warrantless Search
  80. The unlawful killing of another person without malice aforethought, typically without premeditation.
    Manslaughter
  81. Legal membership and status within a country, granting certain rights and responsibilities.
    Citizenship
  82. Legal protection that shields government officials, including law enforcement officers, from personal liability in certain situations.
    Qualified Immunity
  83. The legal process of erasing or sealing a person's criminal record, making it inaccessible to the public.
    Expungement
  84. The supervised release of a prisoner before the completion of their sentence, subject to certain conditions.
    Parole
  85. This case clarified when deadly force can be used by law enforcement to apprehend fleeing suspects. It ruled that it is unconstitutional to use deadly force against a fleeing suspect who does not pose a significant threat to the officer or others
    Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
  86. An assertion by a defendant that they were not present at the scene of the crime when it occurred.
    Alibi