Baroreceptors increase or decrease HR in response to pressure changes, ie: hypotension Positive inotrope increases heart pumping/ contraction ie. Digoxin Cardiac Output (CO) the volume of blood ejected by the heart in 1 min. 4-6L at rest, HR x SV Preload volume of blood in LV at end of diastole. Affected by venous return to heart, total blood volume, atrial kick and stiffness and thickness of heart. Ejection Fraction (EF) percent of blood ejected by left ventricle. SV/EDV > 50% is normal Contractility ability of heart to pump, inotropy Stroke Volume (SV) volume of blood ejected by the heart with each beat Creatinine kinase (CK) found in heart, brain and skeletal muscle Afterload resistance LV must overcome to circulate blood. ↑aortic stenosis, septal hypertrophy, vasoconstriction ↓sepsis, vasodilation Complete Heart Block atria beat independently of ventricles. 20-40 BPM, Low CO, requires pacemaker Troponin only in heart muscle, elevates 3-6 hrs after injury, peaks at 12-48 hrs, returns to baseline 1-2 weeks after Natriuretic peptides cause vasodilation, increase natriuresis and inhibit SNS and RAAS Compliance ability of ventricles to distend or expand CK- MB specific to heart, elevates 3-12 hrs after injury, peaks at 24 hr returns to baseline 2-3 days after Sinus Tachycardia causes include stimulants, pain, fever, shock, hemorrhage Starling’s Law the more the LV is stretched the more forceful the contraction. Can only stretch so much and for so long. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) wide and bizarre complexes, treat with synchronized cardioversion and meds, pulseless requires ACLS and code End Diastolic Volume (EDV) amount of blood in ventricles at end of diastole before contraction Negative chronotrope decreases HR ie. BB Sinus Bradycardia causes include vagal responses, ICP, MI, BB, digoxin Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) dysrhythmias that start above AV node, treat with carotid massage, Valsalva, adenosine AV node intrinsic HR 40- 60 Torsades de Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia in the setting of prolonged QT interval. Can cause VF. Causes include electrolytes and medications Negative inotrope decreases the heart pumping/contraction ie. BB Chemoreceptors sense changes in PaO2 or PaCO2, triggers SNS Positive chronotrope increases HR ie. Atropine SA node the natural pacemaker of the heart HR 60-100 Baroreceptors increase or decrease HR in response to pressure changes, ie: hypotension Positive inotrope increases heart pumping/ contraction ie. Digoxin Cardiac Output (CO) the volume of blood ejected by the heart in 1 min. 4-6L at rest, HR x SV Preload volume of blood in LV at end of diastole. Affected by venous return to heart, total blood volume, atrial kick and stiffness and thickness of heart. Ejection Fraction (EF) percent of blood ejected by left ventricle. SV/EDV > 50% is normal Contractility ability of heart to pump, inotropy Stroke Volume (SV) volume of blood ejected by the heart with each beat Creatinine kinase (CK) found in heart, brain and skeletal muscle Afterload resistance LV must overcome to circulate blood. ↑aortic stenosis, septal hypertrophy, vasoconstriction ↓sepsis, vasodilation Complete Heart Block atria beat independently of ventricles. 20-40 BPM, Low CO, requires pacemaker Troponin only in heart muscle, elevates 3-6 hrs after injury, peaks at 12-48 hrs, returns to baseline 1-2 weeks after Natriuretic peptides cause vasodilation, increase natriuresis and inhibit SNS and RAAS Compliance ability of ventricles to distend or expand CK- MB specific to heart, elevates 3-12 hrs after injury, peaks at 24 hr returns to baseline 2-3 days after Sinus Tachycardia causes include stimulants, pain, fever, shock, hemorrhage Starling’s Law the more the LV is stretched the more forceful the contraction. Can only stretch so much and for so long. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) wide and bizarre complexes, treat with synchronized cardioversion and meds, pulseless requires ACLS and code End Diastolic Volume (EDV) amount of blood in ventricles at end of diastole before contraction Negative chronotrope decreases HR ie. BB Sinus Bradycardia causes include vagal responses, ICP, MI, BB, digoxin Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) dysrhythmias that start above AV node, treat with carotid massage, Valsalva, adenosine AV node intrinsic HR 40- 60 Torsades de Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia in the setting of prolonged QT interval. Can cause VF. Causes include electrolytes and medications Negative inotrope decreases the heart pumping/contraction ie. BB Chemoreceptors sense changes in PaO2 or PaCO2, triggers SNS Positive chronotrope increases HR ie. Atropine SA node the natural pacemaker of the heart HR 60-100
(Print)
increase or decrease HR in response to pressure changes, ie: hypotension
increases heart pumping/ contraction ie. Digoxin
the volume of blood ejected by the heart in 1 min. 4-6L at rest, HR x SV
volume of blood in LV at end of diastole. Affected by venous return to heart, total blood volume, atrial kick and stiffness and thickness of heart.
percent of blood ejected by left ventricle. SV/EDV > 50% is normal
ability of heart to pump, inotropy
volume of blood ejected by the heart with each beat
found in heart, brain and skeletal muscle
resistance LV must overcome to circulate blood. ↑aortic stenosis, septal hypertrophy, vasoconstriction ↓sepsis, vasodilation
atria beat independently of ventricles. 20-40 BPM, Low CO, requires pacemaker
only in heart muscle, elevates 3-6 hrs after injury, peaks at 12-48 hrs, returns to baseline 1-2 weeks after
cause vasodilation, increase natriuresis and inhibit SNS and RAAS
ability of ventricles to distend or expand
specific to heart, elevates 3-12 hrs after injury, peaks at 24 hr returns to baseline 2-3 days after
causes include stimulants, pain, fever, shock, hemorrhage
the more the LV is stretched the more forceful the contraction. Can only stretch so much and for so long.
wide and bizarre complexes, treat with synchronized cardioversion and meds, pulseless requires ACLS and code
amount of blood in ventricles at end of diastole before contraction
decreases HR ie. BB
causes include vagal responses, ICP, MI, BB, digoxin
dysrhythmias that start above AV node, treat with carotid massage, Valsalva, adenosine
intrinsic HR 40-60
Ventricular Tachycardia in the setting of prolonged QT interval. Can cause VF. Causes include electrolytes and medications
decreases the heart pumping/contraction ie. BB
sense changes in PaO2 or PaCO2, triggers SNS
increases HR ie. Atropine
the natural pacemaker of the heart HR 60-100
