AppealtoEmotionManipulatingan emotionalresponse inplace of a validargument.BeliefBiasIf a conclusionsupports yourexisting beliefs,you’ll rationalizeanything thatsupports it.MiddleGroundSaying that acompromise, ormiddle point,between twoextremes is thetruth.RedHerringIntroduces anunrelated topicto distract fromthe mainargument.PostHocAssumescausationbecause oneevent followsanother.DeclinismYou remember thepast as betterthan it was, andexpect thefuture to be worsethanevidence suggests itwill be.Composition/DivisionAssuming thatwhat’s true aboutone part ofsomething has tobe applied to all,or other, parts of it.groupthinkYou let thesocial dynamicsof a groupsituationoverride thebest outcomes.GeneticJudging somethinggood or bad on thebasis of where itcomes from, orfrom whom itcomes.AnecdotalUsing personalexperience oran isolated exampleinstead ofa valid argument,especiallyto dismiss statistics.BandwagonAppealing topopularity or thefact that manypeople dosomething as anattempted form ofvalidation.AppealToAuthorityRelies on anauthority’sopinioninstead ofevidence.PessimismBiasYouoverestimatethe likelihoodof negativeoutcomes.HaloEffectHow much you likesomeone, or howattractive they are,influences yourother judgments ofthem.AdHominemAttacks thepersoninstead oftheargument.SlipperySlopeArgues thatone step willinevitably leadto extremeoutcomes.Dunning-KrugerEffectThe more youknow, the lessconfidentyou’re likely tobe.TuQuoqueDismissesan argumentby accusingthe speakerof hypocrisy.FalseDichotomyPresents onlytwo options,ignoring otherpossibilities.SunkCostIrrationallyclinging toideas that havealready costyou something.ConfirmationBiasFavouringthings thatconfirmyour existingbeliefs.OptimismBiasYouoverestimatethe likelihoodof positiveoutcomes.AnchoringThe first thingyou judgeinfluences yourjudgment ofall that follows.StrawManMisrepresentsthe originalargument tomake it easierto attack.BeggingthequestionA circularargument inwhich theconclusion isincluded in thepremise.BackfireEffectWhen your corebeliefs arechallenged, itcan cause youto believe evenmore strongly.Self-servingBiasYou believe yourfailures are dueto external factors,yet you’repersonallyresponsible foryour successes.Curse ofKnowledgeOnce youunderstandsomething youpresume it tobe obvious toeveryone.AppealtoEmotionManipulatingan emotionalresponse inplace of a validargument.BeliefBiasIf a conclusionsupports yourexisting beliefs,you’ll rationalizeanything thatsupports it.MiddleGroundSaying that acompromise, ormiddle point,between twoextremes is thetruth.RedHerringIntroduces anunrelated topicto distract fromthe mainargument.PostHocAssumescausationbecause oneevent followsanother.DeclinismYou remember thepast as betterthan it was, andexpect thefuture to be worsethanevidence suggests itwill be.Composition/DivisionAssuming thatwhat’s true aboutone part ofsomething has tobe applied to all,or other, parts of it.groupthinkYou let thesocial dynamicsof a groupsituationoverride thebest outcomes.GeneticJudging somethinggood or bad on thebasis of where itcomes from, orfrom whom itcomes.AnecdotalUsing personalexperience oran isolated exampleinstead ofa valid argument,especiallyto dismiss statistics.BandwagonAppealing topopularity or thefact that manypeople dosomething as anattempted form ofvalidation.AppealToAuthorityRelies on anauthority’sopinioninstead ofevidence.PessimismBiasYouoverestimatethe likelihoodof negativeoutcomes.HaloEffectHow much you likesomeone, or howattractive they are,influences yourother judgments ofthem.AdHominemAttacks thepersoninstead oftheargument.SlipperySlopeArgues thatone step willinevitably leadto extremeoutcomes.Dunning-KrugerEffectThe more youknow, the lessconfidentyou’re likely tobe.TuQuoqueDismissesan argumentby accusingthe speakerof hypocrisy.FalseDichotomyPresents onlytwo options,ignoring otherpossibilities.SunkCostIrrationallyclinging toideas that havealready costyou something.ConfirmationBiasFavouringthings thatconfirmyour existingbeliefs.OptimismBiasYouoverestimatethe likelihoodof positiveoutcomes.AnchoringThe first thingyou judgeinfluences yourjudgment ofall that follows.StrawManMisrepresentsthe originalargument tomake it easierto attack.BeggingthequestionA circularargument inwhich theconclusion isincluded in thepremise.BackfireEffectWhen your corebeliefs arechallenged, itcan cause youto believe evenmore strongly.Self-servingBiasYou believe yourfailures are dueto external factors,yet you’repersonallyresponsible foryour successes.Curse ofKnowledgeOnce youunderstandsomething youpresume it tobe obvious toeveryone.

Fallacies & Biases - Call List

(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.


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  1. Manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid argument.
    Appeal to Emotion
  2. If a conclusion supports your existing beliefs, you’ll rationalize anything that supports it.
    Belief Bias
  3. Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth.
    Middle Ground
  4. Introduces an unrelated topic to distract from the main argument.
    Red Herring
  5. Assumes causation because one event follows another.
    Post Hoc
  6. You remember the past as better than it was, and expect the future to be worse than evidence suggests it will be.
    Declinism
  7. Assuming that what’s true about one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it.
    Composition/ Division
  8. You let the social dynamics of a group situation override the best outcomes.
    groupthink
  9. Judging something good or bad on the basis of where it comes from, or from whom it comes.
    Genetic
  10. Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument, especially to dismiss statistics.
    Anecdotal
  11. Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation.
    Bandwagon
  12. Relies on an authority’s opinion instead of evidence.
    Appeal To Authority
  13. You overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.
    Pessimism Bias
  14. How much you like someone, or how attractive they are, influences your other judgments of them.
    Halo Effect
  15. Attacks the person instead of the argument.
    Ad Hominem
  16. Argues that one step will inevitably lead to extreme outcomes.
    Slippery Slope
  17. The more you know, the less confident you’re likely to be.
    Dunning-Kruger Effect
  18. Dismisses an argument by accusing the speaker of hypocrisy.
    Tu Quoque
  19. Presents only two options, ignoring other possibilities.
    False Dichotomy
  20. Irrationally clinging to ideas that have already cost you something.
    Sunk Cost
  21. Favouring things that confirm your existing beliefs.
    Confirmation Bias
  22. You overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes.
    Optimism Bias
  23. The first thing you judge influences your judgment of all that follows.
    Anchoring
  24. Misrepresents the original argument to make it easier to attack.
    Straw Man
  25. A circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise.
    Begging the question
  26. When your core beliefs are challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly.
    Backfire Effect
  27. You believe your failures are due to external factors, yet you’re personally responsible for your successes.
    Self-serving Bias
  28. Once you understand something you presume it to be obvious to everyone.
    Curse of Knowledge