cell signalling

This bingo card has a free space and 14 words: Receptor: A protein molecule, often found on the cell surface, that binds to specific signaling molecules (ligands) and initiates a cellular response., Second Messenger: Small molecules, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or calcium ions (Ca2+), that relay signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular targets, amplifying the signal and initiating cellular responses., Hormone: Signaling molecules produced by endocrine glands or cells that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, where they regulate various physiological processes., Signal Transduction: The process by which extracellular signals are transmitted into the cell, leading to a cellular response. This typically involves a series of molecular events and changes in protein activity., Intracellular Signaling: Signaling processes that occur within the cell, often involving signaling molecules produced inside the cell or released from intracellular organelles., Gap Junction: Specialized intercellular connections composed of channels formed by connexin proteins, allowing direct communication and exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells., Endocrine Signaling: Signaling mechanism in which signaling molecules (hormones) are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel to distant target cells to elicit a response., Autocrine Signaling: Signaling mechanism in which cells respond to signaling molecules (autocrine factors) that they themselves produce, leading to self-stimulation of cellular responses., Paracrine Signaling: Signaling mechanism in which signaling molecules (paracrine factors) are released by one cell and act on nearby target cells to elicit a response., Cell Surface Receptor: Receptors located on the cell membrane that bind to signaling molecules and initiate signal transduction cascades, leading to cellular responses., Intracellular Receptor: Receptors located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus, that bind to hydrophobic signaling molecules (e.g., steroid hormones) and regulate gene expression., Signal Amplification: Process by which a small number of extracellular signaling molecules lead to a large cellular response through signal transduction cascades and amplification of intracellular signaling pathways., Feedback Mechanism: Regulatory mechanism in which the output or response of a signaling pathway regulates the activity of components within the pathway, providing control and maintaining homeostasis. and Phosphorylation: Addition of a phosphate group to a protein molecule, often catalyzed by protein kinases, which regulates protein activity and plays a key role in signal transduction..

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