(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Signs and Symptoms
Normal Fasting Level: Less than 100 mg/dL.
Quick onset of symptoms, including weight loss, increased appetite, and the "3 Ps" (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia).
Exercise: Can lower blood glucose but requires careful planning to avoid hypoglycemia.
Nursing Interventions:
Normal Range: Blood glucose should be between 70-110 mg/dL. The brain relies on a steady glucose supply, as it cannot store glucose, making blood glucose regulation crucial for brain function.
Biguanides (e.g., metformin) decrease glucose production in the liver.
Some patients may eventually need insulin.
Endocrine Function: The pancreas also regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels. This happens through tiny clusters called the Islets of Langerhans, which contain two critical types of cells:
Common onset is around age 50 and tends to develop gradually.
Hemoglobin A1C:
Cause: High blood glucose with ketone production (due to lack of insulin).
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Interventions
Type 1 Diabetes:
Understanding Diabetes and the Pancreas' Role
Glucose Tolerance Test:
Exocrine Function: This involves producing enzymes that help digest food.
Intermediate-Acting Insulin (e.g., NPH): Takes 1-2 hours to start working; used to cover blood sugar between meals.
Short-Acting Insulin (e.g., Regular insulin): Takes 30-60 minutes to work and is used for meal coverage and DKA emergencies.
Higher risk for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), where blood sugar rises dangerously high without the presence of ketones (no acidosis).
Symptoms: Often similar to Type 1 (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia), but less noticeable.
Dawn Phenomenon:
Type 1 Diabetes:
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, confusion, dry mouth, no ketones.
Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): When blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose and lower blood sugar levels.
Blood Glucose:
Understanding Dawn Phenomenon vs. Somogyi Effect
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Educate on frequency and techniques.
Diet, exercise, and potentially oral medications that help lower blood glucose.
Somogyi Effect:
Insulin Resistance: The body produces insulin but doesn't use it effectively, often due to obesity, inactivity, and genetic factors.
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): When blood glucose drops, the pancreas releases glucagon to signal the liver to release glucose.
Complications of Diabetes
Higher risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition where blood becomes acidic due to a lack of insulin.
Blood sugar drops during the night (often due to excess insulin before bed), and the body compensates by raising blood glucose, resulting in high morning glucose. Managed by adjusting insulin dosage or adding a bedtime snack.
Liver's Role:
Urine Screening:
Type 2 Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes:
Types of Insulin:
Pancreas Functions:
Focus on lifestyle changes first:
Diabetes Risk Factors
Weight gain is common, and HHS is a risk due to high blood glucose without ketones.
Insulin is essential. Treatment involves:
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen. When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon from the pancreas tells the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood glucose levels. When blood glucose is high, insulin encourages the liver to stor
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot regulate blood glucose properly, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months. A normal A1C is between 4-6%.
Types of Diabetes:
Should be below 140 mg/dL after 2 hours of consuming glucose.
Key Lab Values and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and monitoring electrolytes.
Type 2 Diabetes:
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and electrolyte replacement.
Beta cells: These cells release insulin and amylin when blood glucose is high. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while amylin slows down the absorption of glucose and controls blood sugar spikes.
Blood Glucose Basics:
Checks for glucose and ketones in the urine, as elevated levels may indicate diabetes or uncontrolled blood glucose.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
Rapid-Acting Insulin (e.g., Humalog): Works within 15 minutes and is given before or with meals.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
Autoimmune Condition: The immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which stops the production of insulin.
Higher risk for DKA due to the complete lack of insulin.
Oral Hypoglycemics for Type 2:
Sick Day Rules: Maintain blood sugar checks, even if not eating much, as stress and illness can increase blood sugar.
Blood sugar rises in the early morning due to hormone release. Managed by adjusting insulin timing.
Alpha cells: These cells release glucagon when blood glucose is low. Glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar.
Cause: Extremely high blood glucose with dehydration, typically in Type 2.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Types and Differences
Common in people under 30 and often diagnosed abruptly.
Foot Care: Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or infections; wear proper footwear; avoid barefoot walking.
Insulin stimulators (e.g., glipizide) help the pancreas release more insulin.
Insulin Sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone) make cells more responsive to insulin.
Long-Acting Insulin (e.g., Lantus): Works slowly without peaks, providing steady insulin levels over 12-24 hours.
Type 2: Obesity (high BMI), sedentary lifestyle, family history, certain ethnicities (Hispanic, African American, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander), and history of gestational diabetes. Symptoms usually develop gradually.
Diet control through carbohydrate counting.
Type 1: Family history, genetic predisposition, autoimmune conditions, and sometimes following viral infections. It’s more common in those under 30.
Gradual onset, with symptoms often less noticeable.
Diet: Emphasize balanced meals, carb counting, and limiting sugar intake.
