(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months. A normal A1C is between 4-6%.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
Type 2 Diabetes:
Complications of Diabetes
Types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes:
Exocrine Function: This involves producing enzymes that help digest food.
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and electrolyte replacement.
Foot Care: Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or infections; wear proper footwear; avoid barefoot walking.
Key Lab Values and Diagnostic Tests
Diet: Emphasize balanced meals, carb counting, and limiting sugar intake.
Focus on lifestyle changes first:
Regular insulin injections or an insulin pump.
Liver's Role:
Type 1 Diabetes:
Higher risk for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), where blood sugar rises dangerously high without the presence of ketones (no acidosis).
Beta cells: These cells release insulin and amylin when blood glucose is high. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while amylin slows down the absorption of glucose and controls blood sugar spikes.
Cause: Extremely high blood glucose with dehydration, typically in Type 2.
Understanding Diabetes and the Pancreas' Role
Blood sugar drops during the night (often due to excess insulin before bed), and the body compensates by raising blood glucose, resulting in high morning glucose. Managed by adjusting insulin dosage or adding a bedtime snack.
Somogyi Effect:
Type 2: Obesity (high BMI), sedentary lifestyle, family history, certain ethnicities (Hispanic, African American, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander), and history of gestational diabetes. Symptoms usually develop gradually.
Cause: High blood glucose with ketone production (due to lack of insulin).
Biguanides (e.g., metformin) decrease glucose production in the liver.
Quick onset of symptoms, including weight loss, increased appetite, and the "3 Ps" (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia).
Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Types and Differences
Should be below 140 mg/dL after 2 hours of consuming glucose.
Understanding Dawn Phenomenon vs. Somogyi Effect
Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): When blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose and lower blood sugar levels.
Rapid-Acting Insulin (e.g., Humalog): Works within 15 minutes and is given before or with meals.
Intermediate-Acting Insulin (e.g., NPH): Takes 1-2 hours to start working; used to cover blood sugar between meals.
Autoimmune Condition: The immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which stops the production of insulin.
Checks for glucose and ketones in the urine, as elevated levels may indicate diabetes or uncontrolled blood glucose.
Oral Hypoglycemics for Type 2:
Urine Screening:
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and monitoring electrolytes.
Hemoglobin A1C:
Sick Day Rules: Maintain blood sugar checks, even if not eating much, as stress and illness can increase blood sugar.
Insulin is essential. Treatment involves:
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot regulate blood glucose properly, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Common onset is around age 50 and tends to develop gradually.
Insulin stimulators (e.g., glipizide) help the pancreas release more insulin.
Diet control through carbohydrate counting.
Blood Glucose:
Medication Types and Insulin Administration
Types of Insulin:
Symptoms: Often similar to Type 1 (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia), but less noticeable.
Insulin Resistance: The body produces insulin but doesn't use it effectively, often due to obesity, inactivity, and genetic factors.
Higher risk for DKA due to the complete lack of insulin.
Glucose Tolerance Test:
Diet, exercise, and potentially oral medications that help lower blood glucose.
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, confusion, dry mouth, no ketones.
Higher risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition where blood becomes acidic due to a lack of insulin.
Short-Acting Insulin (e.g., Regular insulin): Takes 30-60 minutes to work and is used for meal coverage and DKA emergencies.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
Some patients may eventually need insulin.
Common in people under 30 and often diagnosed abruptly.
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Interventions
Type 1: Family history, genetic predisposition, autoimmune conditions, and sometimes following viral infections. It’s more common in those under 30.
Blood Glucose Basics:
Weight gain is common, and HHS is a risk due to high blood glucose without ketones.
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen. When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon from the pancreas tells the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood glucose levels. When blood glucose is high, insulin encourages the liver to stor
Nursing Interventions:
Long-Acting Insulin (e.g., Lantus): Works slowly without peaks, providing steady insulin levels over 12-24 hours.
Type 1 Diabetes:
Normal Range: Blood glucose should be between 70-110 mg/dL. The brain relies on a steady glucose supply, as it cannot store glucose, making blood glucose regulation crucial for brain function.
Monitoring blood sugar multiple times daily.
Pancreas Functions:
Endocrine Function: The pancreas also regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels. This happens through tiny clusters called the Islets of Langerhans, which contain two critical types of cells:
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): When blood glucose drops, the pancreas releases glucagon to signal the liver to release glucose.
Diabetes Risk Factors
Insulin Sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone) make cells more responsive to insulin.
Alpha cells: These cells release glucagon when blood glucose is low. Glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar.
Blood sugar rises in the early morning due to hormone release. Managed by adjusting insulin timing.
