(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Quick onset of symptoms, including weight loss, increased appetite, and the "3 Ps" (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia).
Insulin is essential. Treatment involves:
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diet control through carbohydrate counting.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
Common in people under 30 and often diagnosed abruptly.
Some patients may eventually need insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Types and Differences
Key Lab Values and Diagnostic Tests
Sick Day Rules: Maintain blood sugar checks, even if not eating much, as stress and illness can increase blood sugar.
Diet: Emphasize balanced meals, carb counting, and limiting sugar intake.
Rapid-Acting Insulin (e.g., Humalog): Works within 15 minutes and is given before or with meals.
Higher risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition where blood becomes acidic due to a lack of insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes:
Type 2 Diabetes:
Dawn Phenomenon:
Regular insulin injections or an insulin pump.
Blood Glucose Basics:
Normal Range: Blood glucose should be between 70-110 mg/dL. The brain relies on a steady glucose supply, as it cannot store glucose, making blood glucose regulation crucial for brain function.
Symptoms: Often similar to Type 1 (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia), but less noticeable.
Insulin stimulators (e.g., glipizide) help the pancreas release more insulin.
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Educate on frequency and techniques.
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and monitoring electrolytes.
Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): When blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose and lower blood sugar levels.
Exocrine Function: This involves producing enzymes that help digest food.
Higher risk for DKA due to the complete lack of insulin.
Hemoglobin A1C:
Biguanides (e.g., metformin) decrease glucose production in the liver.
Cause: Extremely high blood glucose with dehydration, typically in Type 2.
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, confusion, dry mouth, no ketones.
Long-Acting Insulin (e.g., Lantus): Works slowly without peaks, providing steady insulin levels over 12-24 hours.
Checks for glucose and ketones in the urine, as elevated levels may indicate diabetes or uncontrolled blood glucose.
Type 2: Obesity (high BMI), sedentary lifestyle, family history, certain ethnicities (Hispanic, African American, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander), and history of gestational diabetes. Symptoms usually develop gradually.
Types of Insulin:
Short-Acting Insulin (e.g., Regular insulin): Takes 30-60 minutes to work and is used for meal coverage and DKA emergencies.
Higher risk for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), where blood sugar rises dangerously high without the presence of ketones (no acidosis).
Urine Screening:
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen. When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon from the pancreas tells the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood glucose levels. When blood glucose is high, insulin encourages the liver to stor
Blood sugar drops during the night (often due to excess insulin before bed), and the body compensates by raising blood glucose, resulting in high morning glucose. Managed by adjusting insulin dosage or adding a bedtime snack.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
Autoimmune Condition: The immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which stops the production of insulin.
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Interventions
Beta cells: These cells release insulin and amylin when blood glucose is high. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while amylin slows down the absorption of glucose and controls blood sugar spikes.
Monitoring blood sugar multiple times daily.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Understanding Dawn Phenomenon vs. Somogyi Effect
Alpha cells: These cells release glucagon when blood glucose is low. Glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar.
Gradual onset, with symptoms often less noticeable.
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and electrolyte replacement.
Type 1: Family history, genetic predisposition, autoimmune conditions, and sometimes following viral infections. It’s more common in those under 30.
Cause: High blood glucose with ketone production (due to lack of insulin).
Types of Diabetes:
Blood Glucose:
Pancreas Functions:
Oral Hypoglycemics for Type 2:
Endocrine Function: The pancreas also regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels. This happens through tiny clusters called the Islets of Langerhans, which contain two critical types of cells:
Foot Care: Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or infections; wear proper footwear; avoid barefoot walking.
Focus on lifestyle changes first:
Insulin Resistance: The body produces insulin but doesn't use it effectively, often due to obesity, inactivity, and genetic factors.
Diabetes Risk Factors
Somogyi Effect:
Diet, exercise, and potentially oral medications that help lower blood glucose.
Glucose Tolerance Test:
Common onset is around age 50 and tends to develop gradually.
Exercise: Can lower blood glucose but requires careful planning to avoid hypoglycemia.
Nursing Interventions:
Type 1 Diabetes:
Weight gain is common, and HHS is a risk due to high blood glucose without ketones.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot regulate blood glucose properly, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Medication Types and Insulin Administration
Understanding Diabetes and the Pancreas' Role
Insulin Sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone) make cells more responsive to insulin.
