(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
Intermediate-Acting Insulin (e.g., NPH): Takes 1-2 hours to start working; used to cover blood sugar between meals.
Understanding Diabetes and the Pancreas' Role
Common in people under 30 and often diagnosed abruptly.
Quick onset of symptoms, including weight loss, increased appetite, and the "3 Ps" (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia).
Types of Insulin:
Beta cells: These cells release insulin and amylin when blood glucose is high. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while amylin slows down the absorption of glucose and controls blood sugar spikes.
Diet control through carbohydrate counting.
Common onset is around age 50 and tends to develop gradually.
Alpha cells: These cells release glucagon when blood glucose is low. Glucagon signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar.
Oral Hypoglycemics for Type 2:
Type 2 Diabetes:
Blood sugar rises in the early morning due to hormone release. Managed by adjusting insulin timing.
Type 1: Family history, genetic predisposition, autoimmune conditions, and sometimes following viral infections. It’s more common in those under 30.
Normal Fasting Level: Less than 100 mg/dL.
Insulin is essential. Treatment involves:
Gradual onset, with symptoms often less noticeable.
Pancreas Functions:
Insulin Sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone) make cells more responsive to insulin.
Symptoms: Often similar to Type 1 (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia), but less noticeable.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Types and Differences
Types of Diabetes:
Type 2: Obesity (high BMI), sedentary lifestyle, family history, certain ethnicities (Hispanic, African American, Native American, Asian American, Pacific Islander), and history of gestational diabetes. Symptoms usually develop gradually.
Therapeutic Management and Nursing Interventions
Type 1 Diabetes:
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and electrolyte replacement.
Higher risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition where blood becomes acidic due to a lack of insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot regulate blood glucose properly, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Exocrine Function: This involves producing enzymes that help digest food.
Diet, exercise, and potentially oral medications that help lower blood glucose.
Type 2 Diabetes:
Diabetes Risk Factors
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Educate on frequency and techniques.
Blood sugar drops during the night (often due to excess insulin before bed), and the body compensates by raising blood glucose, resulting in high morning glucose. Managed by adjusting insulin dosage or adding a bedtime snack.
Checks for glucose and ketones in the urine, as elevated levels may indicate diabetes or uncontrolled blood glucose.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
Complications of Diabetes
Foot Care: Inspect feet daily for cuts, blisters, or infections; wear proper footwear; avoid barefoot walking.
Diet: Emphasize balanced meals, carb counting, and limiting sugar intake.
Somogyi Effect:
Sick Day Rules: Maintain blood sugar checks, even if not eating much, as stress and illness can increase blood sugar.
Medication Types and Insulin Administration
Dawn Phenomenon:
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, confusion, dry mouth, no ketones.
Signs and Symptoms
Blood Glucose:
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen. When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon from the pancreas tells the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood glucose levels. When blood glucose is high, insulin encourages the liver to stor
Insulin Resistance: The body produces insulin but doesn't use it effectively, often due to obesity, inactivity, and genetic factors.
Cause: High blood glucose with ketone production (due to lack of insulin).
Treatment: Insulin IV, fluids, and monitoring electrolytes.
Glucose Tolerance Test:
Exercise: Can lower blood glucose but requires careful planning to avoid hypoglycemia.
Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): When blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose and lower blood sugar levels.
Normal Range: Blood glucose should be between 70-110 mg/dL. The brain relies on a steady glucose supply, as it cannot store glucose, making blood glucose regulation crucial for brain function.
Type 1 Diabetes:
Insulin stimulators (e.g., glipizide) help the pancreas release more insulin.
Hemoglobin A1C:
Understanding Dawn Phenomenon vs. Somogyi Effect
Urine Screening:
Biguanides (e.g., metformin) decrease glucose production in the liver.
Blood Glucose Basics:
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Key Lab Values and Diagnostic Tests
Liver's Role:
Long-Acting Insulin (e.g., Lantus): Works slowly without peaks, providing steady insulin levels over 12-24 hours.
Regular insulin injections or an insulin pump.
Weight gain is common, and HHS is a risk due to high blood glucose without ketones.
Rapid-Acting Insulin (e.g., Humalog): Works within 15 minutes and is given before or with meals.
Monitoring blood sugar multiple times daily.
Higher risk for DKA due to the complete lack of insulin.
Short-Acting Insulin (e.g., Regular insulin): Takes 30-60 minutes to work and is used for meal coverage and DKA emergencies.
Should be below 140 mg/dL after 2 hours of consuming glucose.
Cause: Extremely high blood glucose with dehydration, typically in Type 2.
Focus on lifestyle changes first:
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): When blood glucose drops, the pancreas releases glucagon to signal the liver to release glucose.
Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months. A normal A1C is between 4-6%.
Autoimmune Condition: The immune system attacks and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which stops the production of insulin.
Higher risk for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), where blood sugar rises dangerously high without the presence of ketones (no acidosis).
Endocrine Function: The pancreas also regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels. This happens through tiny clusters called the Islets of Langerhans, which contain two critical types of cells:
