(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Hershey & Chase: Showed that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages.
Apoptosis: A programmed cell death process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
Ribosome: E, P, A sites: Sites on a ribosome where tRNA enters (A), binds (P), and exits (E) during translation.
Transcription: The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.
5' cap: A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of mRNA to protect it from degradation and facilitate ribosome binding.
Helicase: An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix.
5' and 3' Ends: The directionality of DNA strands; nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
Primer: A short RNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Origin of Replication: The specific site where DNA replication begins.
Triplet Code: A genetic information system in which a set of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.
Silent Mutation: A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Signal Peptide: A sequence that directs proteins to specific locations in a eukaryotic cell.
Single-Strand Binding Protein: Proteins that stabilize single-stranded DNA during replication.
Mutation: A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.
Operator: A DNA segment that acts as a switch for transcription regulation.
rRNA: RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.
Lac Operon: An inducible operon in bacteria that controls the metabolism of lactose.
Telomeres: Repetitive DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes.
Intron: A noncoding sequence within a primary transcript that is removed during RNA processing.
RNA Splicing: The removal of introns and joining of exons in an mRNA molecule.
Repressor: A protein that inhibits gene transcription by binding to the operator.
Ribozyme: An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.
Stop Codon: A nucleotide triplet that signals the termination of translation.
Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins: Used X-ray diffraction to determine the helical structure of DNA.
3' Poly(A) Tail: A stretch of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA to enhance stability and facilitate export from the nucleus.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase: An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.
Spliceosome: A complex that removes introns from pre-mRNA.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
Corepressor: A molecule that helps a repressor turn off transcription.
Griffith Experiment: Discovered bacterial transformation by injecting mice with different strains of bacteria.
Base-Pair Substitution: A mutation where one base pair is replaced by another.
Transposition: The movement of a DNA segment from one location to another within the genome.
Plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
Okazaki Fragments: Short DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand.
Ribosome: A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA.
Nuclease: An enzyme that removes damaged DNA segments.
RNA Polymerase: An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription.
Watson & Crick: Built the first accurate model of the DNA double helix.
tRNA: An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome.
Deletion: A mutation involving the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
Insertion: A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
Frameshift Mutation: A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame.
Replication Fork: A Y-shaped region where the DNA strands are being unwound and replicated.
Phage / Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
Terminator: A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the RNA transcript.
Antiparallel: The opposite orientation of DNA strands in the double helix.
Codon: A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal.
mRNA: A type of RNA synthesized using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Lagging Strand: The strand synthesized in short Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.
Mutagen: A chemical or physical agent that causes mutations.
Trp Operon: A repressible operon in bacteria that regulates the production of tryptophan.
Chaperone Protein: A protein that assists in the folding and assembly of other proteins.
Anticodon: A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a codon on an mRNA molecule.
Purine: A nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure (adenine and guanine).
Nucleotide Excision Repair: A DNA repair process that removes and replaces damaged nucleotides.
Leading Strand: The continuously synthesized strand in DNA replication.
Restriction Enzyme: An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
RNA Processing: Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining exons, and altering the 5' and 3' ends.
Inducer: A molecule that inactivates a repressor, turning on gene transcription.
Exon: A coding sequence that remains in the RNA after RNA processing.
DNA Polymerase: An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand.
Point Mutation: A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene.
Template Strand: The DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
Gel Electrophoresis: A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size using an electric field.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA): A type of RNA that, along with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes and catalyzes protein synthesis.
DNA Ligase: An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments by forming covalent bonds.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod: Identified DNA as the transforming agent in bacterial transformation.
Semiconservative Model: Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
Translation: The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.
Reading Frame: On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.
Conjugation: A process in which genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells via direct contact.
Regulatory Gene: A gene that codes for proteins controlling the expression of other genes.
Double Helix: The two-stranded spiral structure of DNA.
Telomerase: An enzyme that extends telomeres to prevent chromosome shortening.
Promoter: A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase and initiates transcription.
Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).
Chargaff: Discovered that DNA has equal amounts of A-T and G-C base pairs.
Topoisomerase: An enzyme that prevents the over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.
Primase: An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers.
Operon: A genetic unit consisting of a promoter, operator, and genes regulated together.
Transformation: The assimilation of external DNA by a cell, resulting in a genetic change.
