(Print) Use this randomly generated list as your call list when playing the game. There is no need to say the BINGO column name. Place some kind of mark (like an X, a checkmark, a dot, tally mark, etc) on each cell as you announce it, to keep track. You can also cut out each item, place them in a bag and pull words from the bag.
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Transcription: The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.
Reading Frame: On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.
Repressor: A protein that inhibits gene transcription by binding to the operator.
rRNA: RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.
Phage / Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
Ribozyme: An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing.
Exon: A coding sequence that remains in the RNA after RNA processing.
Spliceosome: A complex that removes introns from pre-mRNA.
DNA Polymerase: An enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand.
Chaperone Protein: A protein that assists in the folding and assembly of other proteins.
Gel Electrophoresis: A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size using an electric field.
Restriction Enzyme: An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
Regulatory Gene: A gene that codes for proteins controlling the expression of other genes.
Translation: The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.
Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins: Used X-ray diffraction to determine the helical structure of DNA.
Operon: A genetic unit consisting of a promoter, operator, and genes regulated together.
Replication Fork: A Y-shaped region where the DNA strands are being unwound and replicated.
3' Poly(A) Tail: A stretch of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA to enhance stability and facilitate export from the nucleus.
Nuclease: An enzyme that removes damaged DNA segments.
Primer: A short RNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.
Lagging Strand: The strand synthesized in short Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.
Frameshift Mutation: A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame.
Triplet Code: A genetic information system in which a set of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.
Ribosome: E, P, A sites: Sites on a ribosome where tRNA enters (A), binds (P), and exits (E) during translation.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA): A type of RNA that, along with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes and catalyzes protein synthesis.
5' and 3' Ends: The directionality of DNA strands; nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
Antiparallel: The opposite orientation of DNA strands in the double helix.
Transposition: The movement of a DNA segment from one location to another within the genome.
5' cap: A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of mRNA to protect it from degradation and facilitate ribosome binding.
Okazaki Fragments: Short DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand.
Primase: An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers.
Signal Peptide: A sequence that directs proteins to specific locations in a eukaryotic cell.
RNA Processing: Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining exons, and altering the 5' and 3' ends.
Operator: A DNA segment that acts as a switch for transcription regulation.
Trp Operon: A repressible operon in bacteria that regulates the production of tryptophan.
Mutagen: A chemical or physical agent that causes mutations.
tRNA: An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome.
Telomerase: An enzyme that extends telomeres to prevent chromosome shortening.
Leading Strand: The continuously synthesized strand in DNA replication.
Purine: A nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure (adenine and guanine).
Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod: Identified DNA as the transforming agent in bacterial transformation.
Codon: A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal.
Chargaff: Discovered that DNA has equal amounts of A-T and G-C base pairs.
Insertion: A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
Semiconservative Model: Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
Griffith Experiment: Discovered bacterial transformation by injecting mice with different strains of bacteria.
Telomeres: Repetitive DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes.
Watson & Crick: Built the first accurate model of the DNA double helix.
Plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
Anticodon: A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a codon on an mRNA molecule.
Helicase: An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix.
Terminator: A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the RNA transcript.
Promoter: A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase and initiates transcription.
Apoptosis: A programmed cell death process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
Intron: A noncoding sequence within a primary transcript that is removed during RNA processing.
Hershey & Chase: Showed that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in bacteriophages.
Lac Operon: An inducible operon in bacteria that controls the metabolism of lactose.
Inducer: A molecule that inactivates a repressor, turning on gene transcription.
Base-Pair Substitution: A mutation where one base pair is replaced by another.
Deletion: A mutation involving the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
RNA Polymerase: An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription.
Stop Codon: A nucleotide triplet that signals the termination of translation.
Topoisomerase: An enzyme that prevents the over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.
Corepressor: A molecule that helps a repressor turn off transcription.
Origin of Replication: The specific site where DNA replication begins.
Nucleotide Excision Repair: A DNA repair process that removes and replaces damaged nucleotides.
Silent Mutation: A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Conjugation: A process in which genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells via direct contact.
RNA Splicing: The removal of introns and joining of exons in an mRNA molecule.
Single-Strand Binding Protein: Proteins that stabilize single-stranded DNA during replication.
mRNA: A type of RNA synthesized using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Point Mutation: A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene.
Ribosome: A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA.
Transformation: The assimilation of external DNA by a cell, resulting in a genetic change.
Mutation: A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.
DNA Ligase: An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments by forming covalent bonds.
Template Strand: The DNA strand that provides the pattern for ordering nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase: An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.
Double Helix: The two-stranded spiral structure of DNA.
